Build Your Own Backyard Wigwam: A Step-by-Step Guide

Want to add a touch of adventure and outdoor fun to your backyard? Building a wigwam is a fantastic project for families, scout groups, or anyone who enjoys creating unique outdoor spaces. This traditional Native American dwelling offers a cozy and imaginative play area for children, a shady retreat on hot days, or even a unique garden structure. This comprehensive guide will walk you through every step of constructing your very own wigwam, from gathering materials to the final touches.

What is a Wigwam?

Before we dive into the construction process, let’s understand what a wigwam is. A wigwam (also sometimes spelled wickiup) is a domed or conical dwelling traditionally used by various Native American tribes, primarily in the woodland regions of the Eastern United States and Canada. Wigwams were typically constructed using a frame of bent saplings (young, flexible trees) covered with bark, woven mats, hides, or cloth. They were designed to be relatively easy to build and dismantle, providing shelter for nomadic or semi-nomadic groups.

While the specific materials and construction techniques varied between different tribes and regions, the basic principle remained the same: a sturdy frame covered with readily available natural materials.

Why Build a Wigwam?

Building a wigwam is more than just creating a cool outdoor structure; it’s a fun and educational activity with several benefits:

* **Connection to Nature:** The project encourages you to explore your surroundings, identify suitable materials, and appreciate the ingenuity of traditional building methods.
* **Family Bonding:** Building a wigwam is a collaborative effort that brings families together. Children can participate in gathering materials, helping with the frame construction, and decorating the finished structure.
* **Creative Play:** A wigwam provides a unique and imaginative play space for children, fostering creativity, role-playing, and outdoor adventures.
* **Educational Opportunity:** Learn about Native American history, culture, and traditional building techniques. This project can be incorporated into homeschooling lessons or scout activities.
* **Aesthetic Appeal:** A well-constructed wigwam can be a beautiful and eye-catching addition to your backyard or garden.
* **Sustainability:** Using natural and locally sourced materials promotes sustainable building practices.

Planning Your Wigwam Project

Before you start gathering materials and bending saplings, careful planning is essential. Consider the following factors:

* **Size:** Determine the size of your wigwam based on its intended use and the available space in your backyard. A smaller wigwam is suitable for children’s play, while a larger one can accommodate adults for relaxation or gatherings.
* **Location:** Choose a relatively flat and well-drained location for your wigwam. Avoid areas prone to flooding or excessive shade. Consider the proximity to trees and potential hazards.
* **Materials:** Identify the types of materials that are readily available in your area. Saplings, bark, and woven mats are traditional choices, but you can also use more modern materials like canvas or tarps.
* **Tools:** Gather the necessary tools for the construction process, including a saw, knife, rope, twine, measuring tape, and gloves.
* **Safety:** Prioritize safety throughout the project. Wear appropriate safety gear, supervise children closely, and be mindful of potential hazards like sharp tools and falling branches.

Materials You’ll Need

Here’s a detailed list of the materials you’ll need to build your wigwam. The exact quantities will vary depending on the size of your structure:

* **Saplings (15-25):** These will form the frame of your wigwam. Look for straight, flexible saplings that are approximately 1-2 inches in diameter and 8-12 feet long. Willow, maple, birch, or hazel are good choices. Make sure you have permission to harvest saplings if you are on private or public land. Sustainable harvesting is crucial. Only take what you need and avoid damaging the surrounding ecosystem.
* **Lashing Material (Rope, Twine, or Natural Fibers):** You’ll need a strong and durable lashing material to secure the saplings together. Sisal twine, jute rope, or even strips of inner bark can be used. Consider using a natural fiber that complements the aesthetic of the wigwam. You’ll need a generous amount; it’s always better to have too much than not enough. A few hundred feet should be adequate for a medium-sized wigwam.
* **Covering Material (Bark, Mats, Canvas, or Tarps):** This will provide the walls and roof of your wigwam. Traditionally, birch bark or woven mats were used. Canvas tarps are a more readily available and durable alternative. Consider the weather conditions in your area when choosing your covering material. If you live in a rainy climate, a waterproof canvas or tarp is essential. Bark harvesting requires specific knowledge and responsible practices, so be sure to research and obtain any necessary permits.
* **Doorway Supports (2 Smaller Saplings):** These will frame the entrance to your wigwam. They should be slightly shorter than the main saplings and approximately the same diameter. Choose sturdy, straight pieces.
* **Optional: Waterproofing Material (Beeswax, Pine Pitch, or Waterproofing Spray):** If you’re using a natural covering material like bark or mats, you may want to waterproof it to protect it from the elements. Beeswax or pine pitch can be applied to the surface to create a water-resistant barrier. Alternatively, you can use a commercially available waterproofing spray for canvas or tarps.
* **Optional: Weights (Rocks or Logs):** These can be used to secure the base of the covering material and prevent it from blowing away in the wind. Choose rocks or logs that are heavy enough to provide adequate weight but not so large that they are difficult to handle.

## Tools You’ll Need

* **Saw or Axe:** For cutting saplings to the desired length. A small hand saw is often sufficient, but a larger axe may be needed for thicker saplings.
* **Knife or Pruning Shears:** For trimming branches and shaping saplings. A sharp knife or pruning shears will make this task much easier.
* **Measuring Tape:** For accurately measuring the dimensions of your wigwam. A measuring tape will ensure that the saplings are properly spaced and that the structure is symmetrical.
* **Gloves:** To protect your hands from thorns, splinters, and rough materials. Leather gloves are a good choice for this project.
* **Drill (Optional):** For pre-drilling holes for lashing. This can make the lashing process easier and prevent the saplings from splitting.
* **Ladder or Step Stool (Optional):** For reaching the top of the frame during construction. A ladder or step stool will provide a safe and stable platform for working at higher elevations.
* **Safety Glasses:** To protect your eyes from flying debris while cutting and trimming saplings.

## Step-by-Step Instructions: Building Your Wigwam

Now that you’ve gathered your materials and tools, let’s get started with the construction process:

**Step 1: Prepare the Site**

* Clear the chosen area of any debris, rocks, or vegetation. Level the ground as much as possible to create a stable base for your wigwam.
* Mark the center of the area. This will be the focal point for your wigwam’s structure.

**Step 2: Create the Base Circle**

* Decide on the diameter of your wigwam. A diameter of 8-10 feet is a good size for a small to medium-sized structure.
* Using a measuring tape, mark the circumference of the circle on the ground. You can use stakes and string to help guide you.

**Step 3: Set the Foundation Poles**

* Select three of the strongest saplings. These will form the main supports of your wigwam.
* Position the base of each sapling approximately equidistant from each other along the marked circle. Ensure that the thicker ends are placed firmly on the ground.
* Bend the tops of the saplings inward and towards the center of the circle. Overlap the tips of the saplings and lash them securely together with rope or twine. This creates the basic dome shape of the wigwam.

**Step 4: Add Additional Support Poles**

* Place the remaining saplings around the circumference of the circle, spacing them evenly apart. The number of saplings will depend on the size of your wigwam and the desired density of the frame. A spacing of 1-2 feet between saplings is generally recommended.
* Bend each sapling inward and towards the center, overlapping them with the existing frame. Lash each sapling securely to the existing structure at multiple points. Focus on creating a strong and stable framework.
* Ensure that each sapling is securely lashed to at least two other saplings to distribute the weight and create a rigid structure.

**Step 5: Create the Doorway**

* Select two smaller saplings for the doorway supports.
* Position the doorway supports on either side of the desired entrance to the wigwam. Securely lash them to the existing frame at the top and bottom.
* Ensure that the doorway is wide enough to comfortably enter and exit the wigwam. You may need to adjust the spacing of the surrounding saplings to create a wider opening.

**Step 6: Reinforce the Frame**

* Weave thinner, flexible branches horizontally around the outside of the frame, lashing them to the vertical saplings. This will add strength and stability to the structure.
* Start at the base of the wigwam and work your way up, spacing the horizontal branches evenly apart. Use a tight weave to create a strong and durable framework.
* Pay particular attention to reinforcing the area around the doorway, as this is a point of stress on the structure.

**Step 7: Cover the Frame**

* Begin covering the frame with your chosen material. If using bark, overlap the pieces like shingles, starting from the bottom and working your way up.
* Secure the bark to the frame using rope, twine, or wooden pegs. Ensure that the bark is tightly fastened to prevent it from blowing away in the wind.
* If using mats, overlap them in a similar fashion and secure them to the frame. Mats can be tied or sewn together to create a continuous covering.
* If using canvas or tarps, drape them over the frame and secure them with rope, twine, or grommets. Ensure that the canvas or tarps are tightly stretched to prevent them from sagging or flapping in the wind.
* Leave an opening at the top of the wigwam for ventilation and to allow smoke to escape if you plan to use a fire inside.

**Step 8: Secure the Covering**

* Use rocks, logs, or stakes to secure the base of the covering to the ground. This will prevent the wind from lifting the covering and exposing the frame.
* Ensure that the rocks or logs are heavy enough to provide adequate weight but not so large that they are difficult to handle. Stakes should be driven firmly into the ground.

**Step 9: Waterproof (Optional)**

* If you’re using a natural covering material like bark or mats, you may want to waterproof it to protect it from the elements.
* Apply beeswax or pine pitch to the surface of the covering, using a brush or cloth. Ensure that the beeswax or pine pitch is evenly distributed and allowed to dry completely.
* Alternatively, you can use a commercially available waterproofing spray for canvas or tarps. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully.

**Step 10: Final Touches and Decoration**

* Inspect the wigwam for any weak points or areas that need reinforcement. Make any necessary repairs or adjustments.
* Decorate the wigwam with natural materials like leaves, branches, or flowers. You can also add personal touches like paintings or carvings.
* Add a comfortable floor covering inside the wigwam, such as blankets, rugs, or mats. This will create a cozy and inviting space.

## Tips for Success

* **Harvest Responsibly:** If you are harvesting saplings or bark from the wild, be sure to obtain permission and follow sustainable harvesting practices. Only take what you need and avoid damaging the surrounding ecosystem.
* **Use Quality Materials:** The strength and durability of your wigwam will depend on the quality of the materials you use. Choose strong, flexible saplings and durable covering materials.
* **Secure the Frame:** A strong and stable frame is essential for a long-lasting wigwam. Take the time to properly lash the saplings together and reinforce the structure with horizontal branches.
* **Weatherproof the Covering:** If you live in a rainy climate, be sure to waterproof the covering to protect it from the elements. This will prevent the wigwam from rotting or collapsing.
* **Ventilation:** Leave an opening at the top of the wigwam for ventilation, especially if you plan to use a fire inside. This will prevent smoke from building up and creating a hazardous environment.
* **Regular Maintenance:** Inspect your wigwam regularly for any signs of damage or wear. Make any necessary repairs promptly to prevent further deterioration.

## Safety Precautions

* **Supervise Children:** Supervise children closely during the construction process. Keep them away from sharp tools and potential hazards.
* **Wear Safety Gear:** Wear appropriate safety gear, such as gloves and safety glasses, to protect yourself from injury.
* **Be Aware of Surroundings:** Be aware of your surroundings and avoid working in areas with potential hazards, such as falling branches or unstable ground.
* **Fire Safety:** If you plan to use a fire inside the wigwam, take appropriate fire safety precautions. Clear the area around the wigwam of flammable materials and keep a fire extinguisher or bucket of water nearby.
* **Ventilation:** Ensure that the wigwam is properly ventilated to prevent smoke from building up.

## Alternative Materials and Techniques

While this guide focuses on traditional wigwam construction methods, you can also adapt the design and materials to suit your needs and resources. Here are a few alternative ideas:

* **Using Bamboo:** Bamboo poles can be used instead of saplings to create a strong and lightweight frame. Bamboo is also naturally resistant to rot and insects.
* **Using PVC Pipe:** PVC pipe can be used to create a durable and weather-resistant frame. PVC pipe is readily available and easy to work with.
* **Using Recycled Materials:** Incorporate recycled materials into your wigwam design, such as old tarps, blankets, or clothing. This is a great way to reduce waste and create a unique and eco-friendly structure.
* **Creating a Smaller Wigwam:** If you don’t have a lot of space, you can build a smaller wigwam using fewer materials. A smaller wigwam can be used as a playhouse for children or a cozy reading nook.

## Enjoy Your Wigwam!

Building a wigwam is a rewarding and educational project that can bring joy and adventure to your backyard. With careful planning, responsible material sourcing, and a little bit of elbow grease, you can create a unique and inviting outdoor space that you and your family will enjoy for years to come. So gather your materials, grab your tools, and get ready to build your own backyard wigwam!