Decoding the Airwaves: A Comprehensive Guide to Police Scanner Codes
For those fascinated by law enforcement, emergency response, or simply curious about what’s happening in their community, a police scanner can be an invaluable tool. But hearing a constant stream of seemingly random numbers and acronyms can be frustrating and confusing. Understanding police scanner codes unlocks a world of information, allowing you to decipher the conversations and gain insight into real-time events. This comprehensive guide will walk you through the essential codes, practices, and resources you need to become a proficient scanner listener.
## Why Learn Police Scanner Codes?
Before diving into the specifics, it’s helpful to understand why learning police scanner codes is beneficial:
* **Real-time Information:** Stay informed about local incidents as they unfold, including traffic accidents, crimes in progress, and emergency situations.
* **Community Awareness:** Gain a better understanding of the challenges and activities of law enforcement in your area.
* **Emergency Preparedness:** Be aware of potential hazards or threats in your community, allowing you to take appropriate precautions.
* **Personal Safety:** Identify areas where incidents are occurring and potentially avoid them.
* **Intellectual Curiosity:** Satisfy your curiosity about how law enforcement and emergency services operate.
## Understanding the Basics: Types of Codes and Communication Systems
Police scanner communication typically relies on codes and abbreviations to convey information quickly and efficiently. These codes vary depending on the jurisdiction (city, county, or state) and the specific agency involved. However, some codes are widely used across many areas. Understanding the different types of codes and communication systems is the first step in decoding the airwaves.
### 10-Codes
10-codes are perhaps the most well-known type of police scanner code. They are two-part codes consisting of the number 10 followed by a number. These codes were developed to streamline communication over radio channels by replacing lengthy phrases with short, standardized codes. For example, “10-4” commonly means “Affirmative” or “Okay.”
**Common 10-Codes and Their Meanings:**
* **10-1:** Receiving Poorly
* **10-2:** Receiving Well
* **10-3:** Stop Transmitting
* **10-4:** Affirmative (Okay)
* **10-5:** Relay
* **10-6:** Busy
* **10-7:** Out of Service
* **10-8:** In Service
* **10-9:** Repeat
* **10-10:** Fight in Progress
* **10-11:** Animal Problem
* **10-12:** Standby (Stop)
* **10-13:** Weather/Road Conditions
* **10-14:** Prowler Report
* **10-15:** Prisoner in Custody
* **10-16:** Domestic Problem
* **10-17:** Meet Complainant
* **10-18:** Complete Assignment Quickly
* **10-19:** Return to Station
* **10-20:** Location
* **10-21:** Telephone
* **10-22:** Disregard
* **10-23:** Arrived at Scene
* **10-24:** Assignment Completed
* **10-25:** Report in Person
* **10-26:** Detaining Subject
* **10-27:** Driver’s License Information
* **10-28:** Vehicle Registration Information
* **10-29:** Check for Warrants
* **10-30:** Unauthorized Use of Radio
* **10-31:** Crime in Progress
* **10-32:** Man with Gun
* **10-33:** Emergency
* **10-34:** Riot
* **10-35:** Major Crime Alert
* **10-36:** Correct Time
* **10-37:** Investigate Suspicious Vehicle
* **10-38:** Stopping Suspicious Vehicle
* **10-39:** Urgent – Use Light and Siren
* **10-40:** Silent Run – No Light or Siren
* **10-41:** Beginning Tour of Duty
* **10-42:** Ending Tour of Duty
* **10-43:** Information
* **10-44:** Permission to Leave Patrol
* **10-45:** Animal Carcass
* **10-46:** Assist Motorist
* **10-47:** Emergency Road Repair
* **10-48:** Traffic Standard
* **10-49:** Traffic Light Out
* **10-50:** Accident (Specify Injury or Non-Injury)
* **10-51:** Wrecker Needed
* **10-52:** Ambulance Needed
* **10-53:** Road Blocked
* **10-54:** Livestock on Highway
* **10-55:** Intoxicated Driver
* **10-56:** Intoxicated Pedestrian
* **10-57:** Hit and Run
* **10-58:** Direct Traffic
* **10-59:** Convoy or Escort
* **10-60:** Squad in Area
* **10-61:** Personnel in Area
* **10-62:** Meet Subject
* **10-63:** Prepare to Make Written Copy
* **10-64:** Message for Local Delivery
* **10-65:** Net Message Assignment
* **10-66:** Message Cancellation
* **10-67:** Clear for Net Message
* **10-68:** Dispatch Information
* **10-69:** Message Received
* **10-70:** Fire
* **10-71:** Advise Nature of Fire
* **10-72:** Progress Report on Fire
* **10-73:** Smoke Report
* **10-74:** Negative
* **10-75:** You are Causing Interference
* **10-76:** Enroute
* **10-77:** ETA (Estimated Time of Arrival)
* **10-78:** Need Assistance
* **10-79:** Notify Coroner
* **10-80:** Pursuit in Progress
* **10-81:** Breathalyzer Report
* **10-82:** Book Quarters
* **10-83:** School Crossing
* **10-84:** If Meeting _____, Advise _____
* **10-85:** Delayed Due To _____
* **10-86:** Officer/Subject Needs Assistance
* **10-87:** Subject is Wanted
* **10-88:** Request Backup
* **10-89:** Bomb Threat
* **10-90:** Bank Alarm
* **10-91:** Pick Up Prisoner/Subject
* **10-92:** Transporting Prisoner/Subject
* **10-93:** Illegal Blocking of Traffic
* **10-94:** Drag Racing
* **10-95:** Prisoner/Subject in Custody
* **10-96:** Mental Subject
* **10-97:** Arrived at Destination
* **10-98:** Finished Last Assignment
* **10-99:** Wanted Subject
* **10-100:** Need Police Assistance
* **10-200:** Location
**Important Note:** 10-codes can vary significantly between jurisdictions. Always confirm the specific codes used in your local area using a local resource, official agency documentation, or online database (discussed later).
### Signal Codes
Signal codes are typically one or two-digit numbers that represent specific crimes or situations. Unlike 10-codes, signal codes are often used in conjunction with 10-codes or plain language to provide more detail. For example, “10-23, Signal 8” might mean “Arrived at the scene, investigate a burglary.”
**Common Signal Codes (Example List – Varies Widely):**
* **Signal 1:** Homicide
* **Signal 2:** Assault
* **Signal 3:** Robbery
* **Signal 4:** Burglary
* **Signal 5:** Theft
* **Signal 6:** Vandalism
* **Signal 7:** Auto Theft
* **Signal 8:** Suspicious Person/Vehicle
* **Signal 9:** Missing Person
* **Signal 10:** Drunk Driver
**Disclaimer:** Signal codes are even more localized than 10-codes. Never assume a signal code has a universal meaning. Always verify the specific signal codes used in your area.
### Alpha Codes
Alpha codes are single letters used to designate priority or category. They are often used for quick classification of incidents.
**Common Alpha Codes (Example List – Varies Widely):**
* **A:** High Priority (Immediate Response Required)
* **B:** Medium Priority
* **C:** Low Priority
* **D:** Information Only
* **E:** Emergency
Again, these are examples only, and local variations are common.
### Plain Language
Increasingly, law enforcement agencies are moving away from using coded language and adopting plain language communication. This is often driven by interoperability needs (allowing different agencies to easily communicate) and a desire for clearer communication, especially in critical situations. While codes are still used, you will likely encounter plain language descriptions alongside them. This makes understanding the context of the communication easier.
### Radio Communication Systems
Understanding the type of radio communication system used in your area is crucial for scanner listening. Here are the primary types:
* **Analog:** Traditional radio systems using frequency modulation (FM) or amplitude modulation (AM). These are the easiest to monitor with a basic scanner.
* **Digital:** More advanced systems that convert voice into digital data for transmission. Common digital systems include Project 25 (P25), DMR (Digital Mobile Radio), and NXDN. Monitoring these systems requires a digital scanner.
* **Trunked Radio Systems:** These systems use multiple radio channels that are dynamically assigned to users as needed. This allows for more efficient use of radio spectrum. Trunked systems can be either analog or digital, and require a scanner capable of following trunked radio traffic.
* **Encrypted Systems:** Some agencies use encryption to protect sensitive communications. Scanners cannot decode encrypted signals, making these conversations private.
## Step-by-Step Guide to Understanding Police Scanner Codes
Now, let’s break down the process of learning and using police scanner codes.
**Step 1: Research Your Local Agencies and Frequencies**
This is the most crucial step. You need to know which agencies you want to monitor (police, fire, EMS, etc.) and the frequencies they use. Here’s how to find this information:
* **RadioReference.com:** This is a vast online database of radio frequencies and scanner information. Search by your state and county to find listings of local agencies and their frequencies. The database often includes information about the type of radio system used (analog, digital, trunked) and any known codes or abbreviations.
* **Official Agency Websites:** Some law enforcement agencies publish their radio frequencies and codes on their websites. Check the websites of your local police department, sheriff’s office, fire department, and EMS agencies.
* **FCC (Federal Communications Commission) Database:** The FCC regulates radio frequencies. You can search the FCC database for licensed frequencies in your area. While this data is more technical, it can be a useful resource.
* **Local Scanner Enthusiast Groups:** Online forums and social media groups dedicated to scanner listening can be a valuable source of information. Connect with other scanner enthusiasts in your area to share knowledge and resources.
* **Check Legislation or Public Records:** Some states and municipalities require public disclosure of communication codes and channels. You may find this information through a simple search of online legal resources for your city, county or state. This option is not available in every locality.
**Step 2: Acquire the Right Equipment**
* **Scanner:** Choose a scanner that is compatible with the type of radio system used in your area. For analog systems, a basic analog scanner will suffice. For digital or trunked systems, you’ll need a digital or trunking scanner. Several reputable scanner brands include Uniden and Whistler.
* **Antenna:** A good antenna can significantly improve your scanner’s reception. Consider an external antenna if you are having trouble receiving signals.
* **Headphones/Speakers:** Headphones allow for private listening, while external speakers can improve audio quality.
* **Power Source:** Ensure you have a reliable power source for your scanner, whether it’s AC power, batteries, or a DC adapter for use in a vehicle.
* **Software (Optional):** Some scanners are compatible with computer software that allows you to program frequencies, log activity, and even decode certain types of digital signals. This can greatly improve the user experience and provide more information.
**Step 3: Program Your Scanner**
Once you have your equipment and frequency information, you need to program the frequencies into your scanner. The process varies depending on the scanner model, but generally involves the following steps:
1. **Turn on your scanner and enter programming mode.** Refer to your scanner’s manual for specific instructions.
2. **Select a channel or memory location.**
3. **Enter the frequency.**
4. **Specify the modulation type (e.g., FM, AM, digital).**
5. **Enter the CTCSS/DCS code (if applicable).** CTCSS (Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System) and DCS (Digital Coded Squelch) are used to filter out unwanted signals. RadioReference.com often lists the appropriate CTCSS/DCS codes for each frequency.
6. **Name the channel (e.g., “Police Dispatch,” “Fire Ground”).**
7. **Save the channel.**
8. **Repeat steps 2-7 for each frequency you want to program.**
For trunked systems, the programming process is more complex and involves entering the system’s trunking tables and talkgroups. Refer to your scanner’s manual and online resources for detailed instructions.
**Step 4: Practice Listening and Identifying Codes**
Now comes the fun part: listening! Start by monitoring the frequencies you have programmed and pay close attention to the conversations. Here are some tips for identifying codes:
* **Keep a Reference List Handy:** Print out a list of common 10-codes, signal codes, and abbreviations for your local area. Keep it next to your scanner for quick reference.
* **Listen for Context:** Don’t focus solely on the codes. Pay attention to the surrounding conversation for clues about what’s happening. For example, if you hear “10-50” followed by a street name, you can infer that it’s likely an accident.
* **Use Online Resources:** Websites like RadioReference.com have forums and databases where you can ask questions and search for information about specific codes or incidents.
* **Take Notes:** When you hear an unfamiliar code, write it down along with the context in which it was used. This will help you learn the meaning over time.
* **Listen to Different Channels:** Monitoring multiple channels (e.g., police dispatch, fire dispatch, EMS) can provide a more complete picture of events.
* **Use Smartphone Apps:** There are numerous smartphone apps that offer scanner feeds, code lists, and other helpful resources. Some popular apps include Scanner Radio, Broadcastify, and 5-0 Radio Police Scanner.
* **Cross-Reference Information:** Often, you’ll hear partial information on the scanner. You can cross-reference that information with public data, such as online police blotters, social media updates from the police department (if they have it), or news reports. This can help you better understand the situation being described on the scanner.
**Step 5: Stay Updated and Adapt**
Police scanner communication is constantly evolving. Agencies may change their frequencies, switch to new radio systems, or adopt new codes. It’s important to stay updated and adapt to these changes.
* **Regularly Check RadioReference.com:** Look for updates to frequencies and codes for your local agencies.
* **Monitor Agency Communications:** Pay attention to announcements from law enforcement agencies about changes to their communication systems.
* **Participate in Scanner Enthusiast Communities:** Share information and learn from other scanner listeners in your area.
* **Update Your Scanner Programming:** Whenever you learn about a change, update your scanner programming accordingly.
## Ethical Considerations
While listening to a police scanner can be a fascinating and informative hobby, it’s important to be aware of the ethical considerations involved:
* **Respect Privacy:** Avoid sharing sensitive information you hear on the scanner, especially information that could compromise the safety or privacy of individuals involved in an incident.
* **Do Not Interfere:** Never transmit on police frequencies or interfere with law enforcement communications.
* **Use Responsibly:** Use your scanner information responsibly and avoid using it for illegal or harmful purposes.
* **Obey Laws and Regulations:** Be aware of any laws or regulations in your area that restrict the use of police scanners.
## Advanced Techniques and Resources
Once you’ve mastered the basics of police scanner listening, you can explore some advanced techniques and resources:
* **Digital Decoding Software:** Software like DSDPlus can decode certain types of digital radio signals, allowing you to monitor communications that would otherwise be inaccessible.
* **Trunking Scanner Software:** Software can help you manage and program trunking scanners, making it easier to follow trunked radio traffic.
* **Scanner Recording Software:** Record scanner audio for later review and analysis.
* **Attending Police Scanner Workshops or Seminars:** Look for workshops or seminars offered by local scanner enthusiast groups or radio clubs.
* **Participating in Online Forums and Communities:** Engage with other scanner listeners online to share knowledge, ask questions, and learn new techniques.
## Common Mistakes to Avoid
* **Assuming Codes are Universal:** As emphasized throughout this guide, codes vary significantly by jurisdiction. Never assume a code has the same meaning everywhere.
* **Ignoring Context:** Codes alone can be misleading. Pay attention to the surrounding conversation for context clues.
* **Failing to Update Information:** Frequencies and codes change. Keep your information updated regularly.
* **Using Incompatible Equipment:** Make sure your scanner is compatible with the type of radio system used in your area.
* **Transmitting on Police Frequencies:** This is illegal and dangerous. Never transmit on police frequencies.
* **Disregarding Ethical Considerations:** Use your scanner responsibly and respect the privacy of others.
## Conclusion
Understanding police scanner codes can unlock a wealth of information about your community and the activities of law enforcement and emergency services. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can learn to decipher the airwaves, stay informed, and gain a new appreciation for the work of those who protect and serve. Remember to be patient, persistent, and responsible in your scanner listening endeavors, and always prioritize ethical considerations. With dedication and the right resources, you can become a proficient scanner listener and gain valuable insights into the world around you.