From Parishioner to Prince of the Church: A Detailed Guide on How to Become a Cardinal

The title of Cardinal within the Catholic Church is one of immense prestige and influence, second only to the Pope himself. Cardinals serve as the Pope’s closest advisors, electing new pontiffs, and often holding significant administrative roles. While the path to becoming a Cardinal is not a well-defined checklist, it is a journey deeply rooted in spiritual dedication, theological excellence, and decades of service within the Church. It is not a career path that one can choose directly, but rather a call discerned and bestowed by the Church hierarchy. This article will not provide a step-by-step guarantee of becoming a Cardinal (as that is not possible), but rather it will illuminate the typical pathways, essential requirements, and necessary attributes that significantly increase one’s likelihood of being considered for this esteemed position. Understand, however, that this path is open only to those who are Catholic ordained men, specifically bishops or priests, and is a process largely determined by the Pope himself.

Understanding the Role of a Cardinal

Before delving into the specifics, it’s essential to understand what a Cardinal is and what they do. Cardinals are primarily members of the College of Cardinals, a body responsible for electing the Pope. They are also the Pope’s principal advisors and hold key positions within the Roman Curia (the administrative apparatus of the Holy See) and in dioceses around the world. While historically, there was a connection to serving in one of the major basilicas of Rome, this is no longer a formal requirement although proximity to Rome and the Holy See can be helpful. Being a Cardinal is not a ‘promotion’ in the same way as climbing corporate ladder; it is an acknowledgement of service, dedication, and leadership ability within the Catholic Church. They don’t have their own jurisdiction or parishes; their work is advisory and administrative (or pastoral if a bishop).

Key Responsibilities of a Cardinal:

• Electing the Pope: Cardinals participate in the Papal conclave, the process of electing a new Pope upon the death or resignation of the previous one.
• Advising the Pope: Cardinals serve as key advisors to the Pope on matters of doctrine, governance, and pastoral care.
• Leading Dioceses and Congregations: Many Cardinals are also bishops or archbishops of significant dioceses worldwide or lead key congregations within the Roman Curia.
• Serving the Church: Cardinals are expected to be models of Christian virtue and service, embodying the Church’s teachings in their lives.

The Necessary Prerequisites: Foundation for Service

The foundation for any possibility of becoming a Cardinal is a life deeply rooted in the Catholic faith. Here are the crucial prerequisites:

1. Baptism and Full Communion with the Catholic Church:

This is the absolute starting point. Only a baptized Catholic man can be considered for the priesthood, the starting point for any cardinal. Active and faithful participation in the life of the Church is assumed.

2. Ordination to the Priesthood:

A cardinal must be a Catholic priest. This typically involves:

• Completing Seminary Formation: This is a rigorous program typically lasting 6-8 years, focusing on theological studies, pastoral formation, and spiritual development. This formation includes courses in Philosophy, Theology, Sacred Scripture, Canon Law, and Liturgy. There is also specific formation in pastoral work, spiritual direction and liturgical practices.
• Acceptance and Ordination: After successful completion of seminary and a positive evaluation by his superiors, a candidate is ordained to the priesthood by a bishop. This is a lifelong commitment.
• Pastoral Experience: After ordination, priests serve in various pastoral roles, such as parish priests, chaplains, or educators. This experience is essential for forming the character and developing the skills necessary for future leadership.

3. Ordination to the Episcopate (Becoming a Bishop):

While not all cardinals are bishops (some are priests, typically over 80 or hold a specific position), the vast majority are bishops. Becoming a bishop is another rigorous process. It requires:

• Proven Record of Pastoral Leadership: A priest is usually appointed as a bishop only after many years of successful ministry, demonstrating strong leadership, pastoral sensitivity, and sound judgment. This is not a reward but rather acknowledgement of one’s service.
• Nomination and Approval: Bishops are nominated by the local Apostolic Nuncio (the Pope’s representative in a country) and the process includes thorough vetting by the Vatican’s Congregation for Bishops before receiving final approval by the Pope.
• Episcopal Ordination: The priest is ordained as a bishop by another bishop, with the assistance of other bishops. This ordination confers upon him the fullness of Holy Orders.

The Path to Consideration: Demonstrating Cardinal Qualities

Simply being a bishop does not guarantee consideration for the cardinalate. There are numerous bishops around the world, so what makes one stand out? Here are the qualities and actions that increase the likelihood of selection:

1. Exceptional Pastoral Leadership:

Cardinals are expected to be exemplary shepherds of the flock, demonstrating genuine love and concern for the people they serve. They need:

• Effective Communication: The ability to clearly articulate the Church’s teachings and engage in respectful dialogue.
• Charity and Compassion: A deep commitment to serving the poor and marginalized.
• Pastoral Sensitivity: The ability to understand and respond to the unique needs of individuals and communities.
• Good Management Skills: Effective stewardship of resources and personnel is vital for the successful running of a diocese or a curial office.
• Dedication to the Faith: A public and personal example of a life of faith, prayer, charity and service.

2. Strong Theological Acumen:

Cardinals are expected to be well-versed in Catholic theology and capable of providing sound counsel on matters of doctrine. This includes:

• Advanced Theological Education: Many cardinals have doctoral degrees in theology or canon law and have published academic works. It is an ongoing learning process, and a study and reflection on the teachings of the Church
• Doctrinal Soundness: A deep understanding of and faithful adherence to the Church’s teachings.
• Intellectual Rigor: The ability to critically engage with complex theological issues.

3. Significant Service to the Church:

Cardinals are chosen for their proven record of service and dedication to the Church. This might include:

• Serving in Key Diocesan Positions: This may include becoming an Archbishop of a large or significant archdiocese.
• Leading Within the Roman Curia: Serving in leadership positions within the Vatican’s administrative offices.
• International Roles: Representing the Vatican in diplomatic positions or serving in international Catholic organizations.
• Contributing to the Life of the Church: This may involve work with the Pontifical councils, working within Catholic institutions, or promoting the faith in other ways.

4. Personal Integrity and Virtues:

Beyond their professional accomplishments, Cardinals must demonstrate a commitment to personal holiness and ethical living. This includes:

• Humility and Obedience: A willingness to serve others and follow the teachings of the Church.
• Prayer and Devotion: A deep spiritual life and a regular habit of prayer.
• Honesty and Integrity: A reputation for truthfulness and moral uprightness.
• Prudence and Wisdom: The ability to make sound judgments and exercise wise counsel.

5. Demonstrating Loyalty to the Pope:

Cardinals are the Pope’s closest collaborators. It is important that a bishop considered for the cardinalate has demonstrated clear loyalty and fidelity to the Holy Father and the Magisterium of the Church.

The Process of Nomination and Appointment

The process of becoming a Cardinal is entirely within the Pope’s prerogative. There is no application process. Here is an overview of how the appointment typically occurs:

1. Pope’s Discretion:

Ultimately, the decision of who to name a Cardinal rests solely with the Pope. He considers the needs of the Church, his advisors recommendations and his own understanding of who would be best suited to fulfill the cardinalate. There is no set criteria or timeline and his decisions are not subject to any external review or influence.

2. Consultation:

Before making an appointment, the Pope may consult with various individuals and bodies, including:

• The Secretary of State: The principal officer of the Roman Curia.
• Congregation for Bishops: The Vatican department responsible for selecting bishops.
• Other Cardinals: Cardinals may offer suggestions or recommendations.
• Apostolic Nuncios: The Pope’s representatives in various countries.

3. Announcement and Consistory:

Once the Pope has decided to appoint new cardinals, he will typically announce their names publicly. This is followed by a ceremony called a Consistory, in which the new cardinals are officially created. During the Consistory, the Pope formally confers the cardinalate by placing a red biretta (a square cap) on their heads and presenting them with a ring as a sign of their office. This process typically takes place in Rome.

Key Takeaways: What You Can Do to Live a Life of Service

While becoming a cardinal is not a goal one can pursue in a traditional sense, it’s crucial to remember that a life of dedicated service to the Church, rooted in faith and love for God, is the most meaningful path one can choose. Focusing on the following will guide you towards a more fulfilling life within the Church:

• Deepen your faith: Cultivate a vibrant prayer life and study the teachings of the Church.
• Serve others: Look for opportunities to serve your parish, your community, and the wider Church.
• Develop your skills: Seek out opportunities to grow in your pastoral abilities, your theological understanding, and your leadership skills.
• Be faithful to your vocation: Live out your commitment to the priesthood or episcopate with integrity and joy.
• Be open to God’s will: Trust in God’s plan for your life, knowing that He has a unique purpose for you.

Important Notes and Considerations:

• No Guarantee: As mentioned throughout this article, there is no guarantee of becoming a Cardinal. Many devoted and skilled bishops never receive this honor.
• The Role of Divine Providence: The selection of Cardinals is seen as part of God’s providential plan for the Church.
• A Call to Serve: Being a Cardinal is a call to service, not a reward for achievement.
• Humility is Essential: Arrogance and ambition are not traits that align with this vocation. A Cardinal is expected to be a man of deep humility and spiritual depth.

Conclusion:

The path to becoming a Cardinal is not a simple career trajectory but rather a journey of deep faith, dedicated service, and significant contributions to the Catholic Church. While the decision ultimately rests with the Pope, focusing on the qualities of exemplary pastoral leadership, strong theological knowledge, dedicated service, and personal holiness will best prepare anyone for whatever calling God has in store. It’s important to remember that the ultimate goal is not the title itself, but the opportunity to serve the Church and the faithful, with love, compassion, and wisdom, as God calls them to. The Cardinalate is an expression of a life dedicated to Christ. Therefore, it is a matter of God’s call and his plan, not a position that can be sought in an earthly sense.