How to Cite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Your Work

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a foundational document in international law and human rights advocacy. Properly citing it is crucial for academic integrity and for giving due credit to this landmark text. This guide provides detailed instructions on how to cite the UDHR using various citation styles, ensuring accuracy and consistency in your work.

## Why Proper Citation Matters

Before diving into the citation methods, it’s essential to understand why proper citation is vital:

* **Academic Integrity:** Citing sources is a fundamental principle of academic honesty. It acknowledges the work of others and prevents plagiarism.
* **Credibility:** Accurate citations enhance the credibility of your research by demonstrating that your arguments are based on reliable sources.
* **Legal and Ethical Obligations:** In legal and human rights contexts, proper citation is often a legal and ethical requirement.
* **Facilitating Research:** Citations allow readers to easily locate and verify the sources you used, promoting transparency and further research.

## General Information About the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Before we delve into specific citation styles, it’s important to have a clear understanding of what you are citing:

* **Full Title:** Universal Declaration of Human Rights
* **Abbreviation:** UDHR
* **Date of Adoption:** December 10, 1948
* **Adopting Body:** United Nations General Assembly
* **Resolution Number:** Resolution 217 A (III)
* **Official Languages:** The UDHR has been translated into hundreds of languages.
* **Where to Find It:** The official text is available on the United Nations website ([https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/](https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/)).

## Citing the UDHR in Different Citation Styles

The following sections provide detailed instructions on how to cite the UDHR using the most common citation styles:

### 1. APA (American Psychological Association) Style

APA style is widely used in social sciences, education, and psychology. Here’s how to cite the UDHR in APA format:

#### In-Text Citation:

* **Basic Format:** (United Nations General Assembly, 1948)
* **With Specific Article:** (United Nations General Assembly, 1948, Art. X)
* **Example:** “The right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law is a fundamental human right (United Nations General Assembly, 1948, Art. VI).”

#### Reference List Entry:

United Nations General Assembly. (1948, December 10). *Universal declaration of human rights*. United Nations.

#### Detailed Explanation:

* **Author:** The author is the United Nations General Assembly.
* **Date:** The date is the year and specific date of adoption (1948, December 10).
* **Title:** The title is *Universal Declaration of Human Rights*. It should be italicized.
* **Source:** The source is the United Nations.
* **URL (Optional):** You can include the URL if you accessed the document online. However, this is not strictly required.

#### Example Reference List Entry with URL:

United Nations General Assembly. (1948, December 10). *Universal declaration of human rights*. United Nations. Retrieved from [https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/](https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/)

### 2. MLA (Modern Language Association) Style

MLA style is commonly used in humanities disciplines, such as literature, languages, and cultural studies.

#### In-Text Citation:

* **Basic Format:** (United Nations)
* **With Specific Article:** (United Nations, Art. X)
* **Example:** “Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal (United Nations, Art. X).”

#### Works Cited Entry:

United Nations General Assembly. *Universal Declaration of Human Rights*. United Nations, 10 Dec. 1948, [www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/](http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/).

#### Detailed Explanation:

* **Author:** United Nations General Assembly
* **Title:** *Universal Declaration of Human Rights* (italicized)
* **Source:** United Nations
* **Date:** 10 Dec. 1948 (Day Month Year format)
* **URL:** [www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/](http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/)

### 3. Chicago/Turabian Style

Chicago/Turabian style is used in a wide range of disciplines, including history, philosophy, and some social sciences. There are two main variations: Notes and Bibliography and Author-Date.

#### Notes and Bibliography Style

##### In-Text Citation (Footnote/Endnote):

* **Basic Format:** 1. United Nations General Assembly, *Universal Declaration of Human Rights*, December 10, 1948.
* **With Specific Article:** 1. United Nations General Assembly, *Universal Declaration of Human Rights*, December 10, 1948, Art. X.
* **Subsequent Citations:** 2. United Nations General Assembly, *Universal Declaration*. (Shortened version)

##### Bibliography Entry:

United Nations General Assembly. *Universal Declaration of Human Rights*. December 10, 1948. [https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/](https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/).

#### Author-Date Style

##### In-Text Citation:

* **Basic Format:** (United Nations General Assembly 1948)
* **With Specific Article:** (United Nations General Assembly 1948, Art. X)

##### Reference List Entry:

United Nations General Assembly. 1948. *Universal Declaration of Human Rights*. [https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/](https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/).

#### Detailed Explanation:

* **Author:** United Nations General Assembly
* **Date:** 1948 (Year of adoption)
* **Title:** *Universal Declaration of Human Rights* (italicized)
* **URL:** [https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/](https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/)

### 4. Bluebook Style (Legal Citation)

Bluebook is the standard citation style for legal documents in the United States. It is quite specific and formal.

#### Citation Format:

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc. A/RES/217A(III) (1948).

#### Explanation:

* **Universal Declaration of Human Rights:** Full title of the document.
* **G.A. Res. 217A (III):** Indicates General Assembly Resolution 217A, third session.
* **U.N. Doc. A/RES/217A(III):** Specifies the United Nations document number.
* **(1948):** Year of adoption.

#### Example in a Footnote:

1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc. A/RES/217A(III) (1948).

#### Short Form Citation (Subsequent Citations):

UDHR, G.A. Res. 217A (III) (1948).

### 5. OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities)

OSCOLA is the standard legal citation style used in the United Kingdom and many other common law jurisdictions.

#### Footnote Citation:

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 December 1948) UNGA Res 217(III) (UDHR)

#### Explanation:

* **Universal Declaration of Human Rights:** Full title.
* **(adopted 10 December 1948):** Date of adoption.
* **UNGA Res 217(III):** United Nations General Assembly Resolution 217, third session.
* **(UDHR):** Abbreviation (used in subsequent citations).

#### Example in a Footnote:

1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 December 1948) UNGA Res 217(III) (UDHR).

#### Subsequent Citations:

UDHR (n 1) [Article number, if applicable].

Where (n 1) refers back to the first footnote where the full citation was provided.

## General Tips for Citing the UDHR

* **Consistency:** Choose one citation style and use it consistently throughout your document.
* **Accuracy:** Double-check all details, including the date, title, and resolution number.
* **Consult Style Guides:** Always refer to the official style guide for the citation style you are using. These guides provide detailed rules and examples.
* **Use Citation Management Tools:** Consider using citation management software such as Zotero, Mendeley, or EndNote to help you organize your sources and generate citations automatically.
* **Specific Articles:** When citing a specific article of the UDHR, be sure to include the article number in your citation. For example, (United Nations General Assembly, 1948, Art. 3) refers to Article 3 of the UDHR, the right to life, liberty and security of person.
* **Online Access:** If you accessed the UDHR online, include the URL in your citation, if required by the citation style.
* **Language:** If you are citing a translated version of the UDHR, indicate the language in your citation.

## Example Scenarios

Let’s look at some example scenarios to illustrate how to cite the UDHR in different contexts.

### Scenario 1: Academic Paper in Political Science (APA Style)

In a research paper analyzing the implementation of human rights norms, you might write:

“The UDHR, adopted in 1948, provides a comprehensive framework for the protection of human rights (United Nations General Assembly, 1948). However, the enforcement of these rights varies significantly across different countries.”

In the reference list:

### Scenario 2: Legal Brief in International Law (Bluebook Style)

In a legal brief arguing for the protection of refugees, you might cite:

“The principle of non-refoulement is rooted in fundamental human rights principles, as articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc. A/RES/217A(III) (1948).”

### Scenario 3: Blog Post on Human Rights Education (MLA Style)

In a blog post discussing the importance of human rights education, you might write:

“The UDHR emphasizes the importance of education in promoting respect for human rights (United Nations). Educating individuals about their rights and the rights of others is crucial for building a more just and equitable world.”

In the works cited:

## Common Mistakes to Avoid

* **Incorrect Date:** Using the wrong date for the adoption of the UDHR.
* **Inconsistent Style:** Switching between different citation styles within the same document.
* **Missing Information:** Omitting key information such as the author, title, or date.
* **Plagiarism:** Failing to cite the UDHR when using its ideas or language.
* **Improper Abbreviation:** Using an incorrect abbreviation for the UDHR.

## Conclusion

Citing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights correctly is essential for academic integrity, legal accuracy, and ethical responsibility. By following the guidelines outlined in this article and consulting the relevant style guides, you can ensure that your citations are accurate, consistent, and properly formatted. Whether you are writing an academic paper, a legal brief, or a blog post, proper citation of the UDHR demonstrates your commitment to acknowledging the sources of your work and upholding the principles of human rights.

Remember to always double-check your citations and consult the specific requirements of your institution or publication. With careful attention to detail, you can cite the UDHR with confidence and contribute to a more informed and respectful discourse on human rights.

By consistently applying these guidelines, researchers, legal professionals, and advocates can contribute to the integrity of their work and promote a deeper understanding of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The UDHR remains a cornerstone of human rights discourse, and accurate citation ensures its continued relevance and influence in the pursuit of justice and equality for all.

This comprehensive guide aims to equip you with the necessary knowledge and tools to cite the UDHR effectively across various academic and professional contexts. By adhering to these principles, you not only fulfill your citation obligations but also contribute to the broader effort of promoting human rights awareness and scholarship. From academic research to legal advocacy, proper citation of the UDHR strengthens the foundation of your work and reinforces the importance of this foundational document in the global pursuit of human dignity and justice.

Accurate and consistent citation practices are paramount in upholding academic integrity, legal rigor, and ethical responsibility. This guide has provided a comprehensive overview of how to cite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) across various citation styles, including APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, Bluebook, and OSCOLA. By following these guidelines and consulting the relevant style manuals, you can ensure that your citations are not only accurate but also contribute to the credibility and impact of your work.

The UDHR stands as a testament to the enduring quest for human rights and fundamental freedoms. As researchers, legal professionals, and advocates, it is our collective responsibility to engage with this document in a manner that reflects its significance and upholds its principles. Proper citation is a crucial aspect of this engagement, ensuring that the UDHR receives the recognition it deserves and that its legacy continues to inspire future generations.

In conclusion, mastering the art of citing the UDHR is an investment in both your own scholarly and professional development and the advancement of human rights scholarship and advocacy. By embracing the principles outlined in this guide, you can confidently cite the UDHR in any context, contributing to a more informed, respectful, and just world.

Remember to always consult the latest editions of citation style guides and institutional requirements to ensure that your citations are up-to-date and in compliance with the prevailing standards. With diligence and attention to detail, you can cite the UDHR with accuracy and integrity, reinforcing its central role in the global pursuit of human rights and justice.

This thorough guide empowers you with the knowledge and tools to confidently cite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in various academic and professional settings. By understanding the nuances of different citation styles and adhering to the principles of accuracy and consistency, you contribute to the integrity of your work and promote a deeper appreciation for the UDHR’s enduring significance.

As a foundational document in international law and human rights advocacy, the UDHR deserves our utmost respect and attention. Proper citation is not merely a formality but a crucial step in acknowledging the document’s influence and ensuring its continued relevance in the pursuit of justice and equality for all.

By incorporating these citation practices into your research, legal analysis, or advocacy efforts, you become an active participant in the ongoing dialogue surrounding human rights. Your work not only benefits from the credibility and authority that proper citation provides but also contributes to the broader understanding and implementation of the UDHR’s principles worldwide.

In essence, this guide serves as a comprehensive resource for anyone seeking to cite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights with confidence and accuracy. By following these guidelines and consulting the relevant style manuals, you can ensure that your citations reflect the importance of the UDHR and contribute to a more informed and just world. Remember to always stay updated on the latest citation standards and adapt your practices accordingly, as the pursuit of knowledge and understanding is an ongoing journey.

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How to Cite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Your Work

How to Cite the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Your Work