H1 How to Feed a Baby Squirrel: A Comprehensive Guide
Picking up a baby squirrel can be both heartwarming and daunting. If you’ve found a baby squirrel alone, seemingly orphaned, your first instinct might be to help. However, it’s essential to proceed cautiously and understand the necessary steps involved in caring for these tiny creatures. This comprehensive guide will walk you through everything you need to know about feeding a baby squirrel, from assessing its condition to preparing the right formula and administering it safely.
H2 Assessing the Situation: Is the Squirrel Really an Orphan?
Before intervening, it’s crucial to determine if the baby squirrel truly needs your help. Mother squirrels often leave their young for short periods to forage for food. Here are some signs that a baby squirrel might genuinely be orphaned or in distress:
* **Visible Injuries:** Any obvious wounds, bleeding, or broken bones indicate immediate intervention is needed.
* **Cold to the Touch:** A cold baby squirrel is likely hypothermic and requires immediate warming.
* **Weakness or Lethargy:** If the squirrel is unresponsive or unable to move properly, it needs help.
* **Presence of Flies or Maggots:** This suggests the squirrel has been unattended for a significant amount of time.
* **Known Death of the Mother:** If you know the mother squirrel has died (e.g., hit by a car), the babies will need assistance.
* **Constant Crying or Calling:** Persistent vocalizations without the presence of the mother could signal distress.
If you observe any of these signs, it’s likely the squirrel needs your help. However, if the squirrel appears healthy and the mother is possibly nearby, observe from a distance for a few hours before intervening. Sometimes, the mother will return.
H2 Initial Steps: Preparing for Rescue
Once you’ve determined the squirrel needs your help, here’s what to do:
1. **Contact a Wildlife Rehabilitator:** This is the most important first step. A licensed wildlife rehabilitator has the expertise, resources, and permits necessary to provide the best care for the squirrel. They can assess the squirrel’s health, provide appropriate medical treatment, and eventually release it back into the wild. Search online for wildlife rehabilitators in your area.
2. **Safety First:** When handling any wild animal, wear gloves (e.g., latex or nitrile) to protect yourself from potential diseases or parasites. Squirrels can bite, especially if they are scared or in pain.
3. **Containment:** Gently pick up the squirrel and place it in a secure container. A cardboard box or a plastic carrier lined with soft cloths (like old t-shirts or towels) works well. Make sure the container has adequate ventilation holes.
4. **Warmth:** Baby squirrels are highly susceptible to hypothermia. Provide a source of warmth, such as a heating pad set on low and placed under half of the container (so the squirrel can move away if it gets too hot). Alternatively, you can use a hot water bottle wrapped in a towel or a sock filled with rice, heated in the microwave. Monitor the squirrel closely to ensure it doesn’t overheat.
5. **Quiet and Dark:** Place the container in a quiet, dark, and draft-free area. This will help reduce stress for the squirrel.
6. **Avoid Handling Unless Necessary:** Minimize handling the squirrel to reduce stress. Only handle it when necessary for feeding or providing warmth.
H2 Determining the Squirrel’s Age
Knowing the approximate age of the baby squirrel is crucial for determining its dietary needs and feeding schedule. Here’s a general guide:
* **Newborn (0-1 week):** Pink skin, eyes and ears closed, no fur. Weighs approximately 10-15 grams.
* **1-2 Weeks:** Fine downy fur starts to appear. Eyes and ears still closed. Weighs approximately 20-30 grams.
* **2-3 Weeks:** Eyes start to open, ears may start to open. Fur is becoming more visible. Weighs approximately 30-50 grams.
* **3-4 Weeks:** Eyes fully open, ears open. Bushy tail starts to develop. Weighs approximately 50-80 grams.
* **4-5 Weeks:** Fully furred, very active. Starts to nibble on solid food. Weighs approximately 80-120 grams.
* **5-6 Weeks:** Fully mobile, explores surroundings. Eating solid food regularly. Weighs approximately 120-180 grams.
* **6+ Weeks:** Looks like a miniature adult squirrel. Primarily eating solid food. Weighs approximately 180+ grams.
H2 Preparing the Right Formula
**Never give a baby squirrel cow’s milk.** Cow’s milk is difficult for squirrels to digest and can cause diarrhea and dehydration, which can be fatal.
The best option is to use a commercially prepared milk replacer specifically designed for squirrels or other small mammals. Here are some suitable options:
* **Fox Valley Day One Formula:** This is a widely recommended and readily available formula for orphaned wildlife. It’s specifically formulated to meet the nutritional needs of baby squirrels.
* **Esbilac Puppy Milk Replacer:** While designed for puppies, Esbilac can be used for squirrels, but it’s crucial to dilute it properly. Use the powder form, not the liquid ready-to-feed version.
* **KMR (Kitten Milk Replacer):** Similar to Esbilac, KMR can be used but needs to be diluted appropriately. Powder form is preferred.
**Formula Preparation:**
* **Fox Valley Day One:** Follow the instructions on the packaging for mixing the formula. Generally, it involves mixing a specific amount of powder with warm water.
* **Esbilac or KMR:** Start with a diluted mixture, especially for very young squirrels. A good starting point is a 1:2 ratio (1 part powder to 2 parts warm water). As the squirrel grows, you can gradually increase the concentration to a 1:1 ratio.
**Important Considerations:**
* **Warmth:** The formula should be warmed to body temperature (around 95-100°F or 35-37°C). You can test the temperature by placing a drop on your wrist; it should feel lukewarm, not hot.
* **Freshness:** Prepare fresh formula for each feeding. Discard any leftover formula after each feeding to prevent bacterial growth.
* **Consistency:** The formula should be smooth and free of lumps. Use a whisk or fork to ensure it’s well mixed.
H2 Feeding Supplies
You’ll need the following supplies for feeding a baby squirrel:
* **Syringe:** A 1cc or 3cc syringe (without a needle) is ideal for feeding. You can purchase these at most pharmacies or veterinary supply stores.
* **Nipple (Optional):** Some people prefer to use a small animal nipple attached to the syringe. However, it’s not essential, and many squirrels do well with just the syringe tip. If using a nipple, make sure it’s the correct size for the squirrel’s mouth.
* **Small Bowl or Dish:** For older squirrels that are starting to eat on their own, you’ll need a small bowl or dish for offering formula or solid food.
* **Soft Cloths or Tissues:** For cleaning up spills and wiping the squirrel’s face after feeding.
H2 The Feeding Process: Step-by-Step Instructions
1. **Positioning:** Hold the baby squirrel in an upright position, similar to how it would nurse from its mother. You can wrap it in a soft cloth to help keep it still and comfortable. Never feed a squirrel on its back, as this can cause aspiration (formula entering the lungs).
2. **Stimulating Urination and Defecation (Important for Young Squirrels):** Before each feeding, gently stimulate the squirrel’s anal area with a warm, damp cloth or cotton ball. This mimics the mother squirrel’s grooming behavior and encourages urination and defecation. Very young squirrels cannot eliminate on their own and require this stimulation.
3. **Introducing the Syringe:** Gently insert the tip of the syringe into the squirrel’s mouth. If using a nipple, ensure the squirrel latches onto it properly. Be patient and allow the squirrel to suckle at its own pace. Do not force the formula in, as this can lead to aspiration.
4. **Administering the Formula:** Slowly and steadily depress the plunger of the syringe, allowing the squirrel to swallow the formula. Watch for signs of swallowing, such as the throat moving. If the squirrel is gulping or struggling, stop immediately and allow it to catch its breath.
5. **Feeding Amounts:** The amount of formula to feed depends on the squirrel’s age and weight. Here’s a general guideline:
* **Newborn (0-1 week):** 1-2 cc per feeding, every 2-3 hours.
* **1-2 Weeks:** 2-3 cc per feeding, every 3-4 hours.
* **2-3 Weeks:** 3-5 cc per feeding, every 3-4 hours.
* **3-4 Weeks:** 5-7 cc per feeding, every 4-5 hours.
* **4-5 Weeks:** 7-10 cc per feeding, every 4-5 hours.
* **5-6 Weeks:** 10-15 cc per feeding, every 5-6 hours.
These are just guidelines; adjust the amount based on the squirrel’s appetite and overall condition. A well-fed baby squirrel will have a round belly.
6. **Burping:** After each feeding, gently pat the squirrel on its back to help release any trapped air. This can prevent discomfort and bloating.
7. **Cleaning:** Use a soft, damp cloth to clean the squirrel’s face and mouth after feeding. This will prevent the formula from drying and crusting around its mouth.
8. **Stimulating Urination and Defecation (Again):** Repeat the stimulation process after feeding to ensure the squirrel eliminates properly.
9. **Returning to Warmth:** Place the squirrel back in its warm and secure container after feeding.
H2 Feeding Schedule
The feeding schedule depends on the squirrel’s age. Younger squirrels require more frequent feedings than older ones. Here’s a general guideline:
* **Newborn (0-1 week):** Every 2-3 hours, around the clock (including nighttime feedings).
* **1-2 Weeks:** Every 3-4 hours, around the clock.
* **2-3 Weeks:** Every 3-4 hours during the day, with one nighttime feeding.
* **3-4 Weeks:** Every 4-5 hours during the day, with one optional nighttime feeding.
* **4-5 Weeks:** Every 4-5 hours during the day. No nighttime feedings.
* **5-6 Weeks:** Every 5-6 hours during the day. No nighttime feedings.
As the squirrel gets older and starts to eat solid food, you can gradually reduce the frequency of formula feedings.
H2 Introducing Solid Foods
Around 4-5 weeks of age, you can start introducing solid foods to the baby squirrel. Offer small amounts of the following:
* **Squirrel Blocks:** These are commercially available food blocks specifically formulated for squirrels. They provide a balanced diet and help wear down their teeth.
* **Nuts:** Offer small pieces of nuts, such as walnuts, pecans, and almonds (unsalted). Avoid peanuts, as they are not as nutritious and can be a choking hazard.
* **Fruits and Vegetables:** Offer small pieces of fruits and vegetables, such as apples, grapes, berries, carrots, and leafy greens. Wash them thoroughly before feeding.
* **Seeds:** Offer sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, and other seeds (unsalted).
Start with small amounts of solid food and gradually increase the quantity as the squirrel’s appetite grows. Always provide fresh water in a shallow dish.
H2 Weaning
Weaning typically begins around 6-8 weeks of age. As the squirrel consumes more solid food, gradually reduce the amount of formula you offer. By 8-10 weeks of age, the squirrel should be fully weaned and eating primarily solid food.
H2 Hygiene and Sanitation
Maintaining good hygiene is essential to prevent the spread of disease. Follow these guidelines:
* **Wash Your Hands:** Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before and after handling the squirrel or its supplies.
* **Clean Feeding Supplies:** Wash syringes, nipples, and bowls with hot, soapy water after each use. Rinse thoroughly and allow to air dry.
* **Clean the Enclosure:** Clean the squirrel’s enclosure regularly to remove feces and urine. Replace soiled bedding with fresh bedding.
* **Disinfect Regularly:** Disinfect the enclosure and feeding supplies regularly with a diluted bleach solution (1 part bleach to 10 parts water). Rinse thoroughly after disinfecting.
H2 Potential Problems and Solutions
* **Dehydration:** Signs of dehydration include lethargy, sunken eyes, and decreased skin elasticity. Provide electrolyte solution (such as Pedialyte) in addition to formula. Consult a wildlife rehabilitator if dehydration is severe.
* **Diarrhea:** Diarrhea can be caused by overfeeding, incorrect formula, or infection. Reduce the amount of formula and ensure it’s properly diluted. If diarrhea persists, consult a wildlife rehabilitator.
* **Aspiration:** Aspiration occurs when formula enters the lungs, causing pneumonia. Signs include coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Stop feeding immediately and seek veterinary care.
* **Constipation:** Constipation can be caused by dehydration or lack of fiber. Increase fluid intake and offer small amounts of fiber-rich foods, such as fruits and vegetables. Gently stimulate the anal area to encourage elimination.
* **Hypothermia:** Hypothermia is a serious condition that can be fatal. Keep the squirrel warm and monitor its temperature closely. Provide a consistent source of warmth.
H2 Releasing the Squirrel Back into the Wild
Once the squirrel is healthy, fully weaned, and able to forage for food on its own, it’s time to prepare it for release back into the wild. This process should be done under the guidance of a wildlife rehabilitator.
* **Soft Release:** A soft release involves gradually acclimating the squirrel to its natural environment. This can be done by placing the squirrel’s enclosure outdoors for increasing periods each day.
* **Provide Shelter and Food:** Continue to provide shelter and food for the squirrel in the release area. This will help it adjust to its new surroundings.
* **Choose a Suitable Location:** Release the squirrel in a safe and suitable habitat with plenty of trees, food sources, and water. Avoid areas with heavy traffic or predators.
* **Monitor the Squirrel:** Observe the squirrel after release to ensure it’s adjusting well and able to find food and shelter.
H2 Legal Considerations
It’s important to be aware of the legal regulations regarding wildlife rehabilitation in your area. In many places, it’s illegal to possess or care for wild animals without the proper permits. Contact your local wildlife agency for information on permits and regulations.
H2 The Importance of Professional Help
While this guide provides comprehensive information on how to feed a baby squirrel, it’s not a substitute for professional care. Wildlife rehabilitators have the expertise and resources to provide the best possible care for these animals. Contact a wildlife rehabilitator as soon as possible if you find an orphaned or injured squirrel.
Caring for a baby squirrel is a challenging but rewarding experience. By following these guidelines and seeking professional help when needed, you can give these tiny creatures a second chance at life.