How to Identify Authentic Fenton Glass: A Comprehensive Guide

Fenton Art Glass Company, a beloved name in American glassmaking, produced stunning and collectible pieces for over a century. From its humble beginnings in 1905 to its eventual closure in 2011 (and a brief revival as Fenton Gift Shop), Fenton created a vast array of glassware admired for its vibrant colors, intricate patterns, and innovative techniques. Identifying genuine Fenton glass can be a rewarding but sometimes challenging endeavor. This comprehensive guide will equip you with the knowledge and tools necessary to confidently identify authentic Fenton pieces.

Why Identify Fenton Glass?

Before diving into the identification process, it’s crucial to understand why identifying genuine Fenton glass matters. Several factors contribute to its desirability:

* **Collectibility:** Fenton glass is highly sought after by collectors worldwide. Its artistic merit, historical significance, and limited production runs contribute to its collectibility, making genuine pieces valuable.
* **Investment Potential:** Certain Fenton pieces, particularly those from earlier periods or featuring rare colors and patterns, can appreciate significantly in value over time. Correct identification is vital for making informed investment decisions.
* **Historical Significance:** Owning a piece of Fenton glass is owning a piece of American glassmaking history. Knowing that your piece is authentic adds to its sentimental and historical value.
* **Avoiding Counterfeits:** As with any collectible, the market is susceptible to fakes and reproductions. Identifying genuine Fenton glass protects you from purchasing misrepresented items.

Tools for Identification

Before you begin your identification journey, gather the following tools:

* **Magnifying Glass:** A magnifying glass with at least 10x magnification is essential for examining details such as marks, patterns, and surface textures.
* **Black Light (UV Light):** Some Fenton glass contains uranium, which fluoresces under ultraviolet light, emitting a green or yellow glow. This is a helpful, though not definitive, test.
* **Reference Materials:** Books, online resources, and Fenton collector’s guides are invaluable for researching specific patterns, colors, and marks. Consider joining Fenton collector groups online for access to expert knowledge.
* **Good Lighting:** Adequate lighting is crucial for accurately assessing color, clarity, and any imperfections or details in the glass.
* **Cleaning Supplies:** Gently clean the glass piece with mild soap and water to remove any dirt or grime that may obscure markings or details. Avoid abrasive cleaners that could damage the surface.

Key Characteristics to Look For

Here are the key characteristics to examine when identifying Fenton glass:

1. Marks and Signatures

* **Early Marks (1905-1970):** Fenton initially did not mark its glass. Pieces from this period are typically identified by their distinctive patterns, colors, and shapes. Knowledge of Fenton’s early production is essential for identifying unmarked pieces.
* **The Oval Mark (1970-Early 1980s):** In 1970, Fenton began using a raised oval mark with the word “Fenton” inside. This mark is usually found on the base of the piece. The presence of this mark is a strong indicator of authenticity, but it’s not foolproof, as some unscrupulous individuals have attempted to replicate it.
* **The “Fenton in an Oval” with Numbers (Early 1980s-Present):** Later marks included the “Fenton in an Oval” mark, accompanied by a number indicating the decade in which the piece was made. For example, an “8” indicates the 1980s, a “9” the 1990s, a “0” the 2000s, and so on. Some pieces may have a handwritten signature by a Fenton artist, adding to their value.
* **Fenton Logo Variation (2000s):** During the 2000s the Fenton logo was altered to include a “2000s” decal near the logo.
* **Special Marks:** Commemorative pieces or items made for special events may have unique marks. Researching these special marks can help verify authenticity.

**Important Considerations Regarding Marks:**

* **Absence of a Mark:** The absence of a mark does not automatically mean the piece is not Fenton. Many early pieces were unmarked. Rely on other identifying characteristics in such cases.
* **Clarity of the Mark:** A genuine Fenton mark should be clear and well-defined. A blurry or poorly executed mark is a red flag.
* **Placement of the Mark:** The mark is usually located on the base of the piece. Check this area carefully.
* **Fake Marks:** Be aware that fake marks exist. Compare the mark on your piece to known examples from reputable sources.

2. Color and Opalescence

* **Fenton’s Signature Colors:** Fenton was renowned for its innovative use of color. Some of its most iconic colors include:
* **Carnival Glass:** Iridescent glass with a shimmering, rainbow-like effect, created by applying metallic salts during the manufacturing process. Note that other companies also produced carnival glass, so identifying the pattern is crucial.
* **Cranberry Glass:** A rich, ruby-red glass achieved by adding gold chloride to the glass mixture.
* **Burmese Glass:** A heat-sensitive glass that shades from yellow to pink when reheated.
* **Chocolate Glass:** A deep brown glass created by adding manganese dioxide to the glass mixture.
* **Milk Glass:** An opaque white glass that resembles milk. Fenton produced milk glass in various patterns.
* **Custard Glass:** A pale yellow glass with a slightly opalescent appearance.
* **Vaseline Glass:** A yellow-green glass that fluoresces under ultraviolet light due to the presence of uranium. While Fenton did produce Vaseline glass, the UV light test alone is not sufficient for identification as other companies also produced this type of glass.
* **Cobalt Blue:** A deep, rich blue created by adding cobalt oxide.
* **Opalescence:** Many Fenton pieces feature opalescence, a milky or iridescent effect that is more pronounced on the edges and rims of the glass. This effect is created by introducing chemicals into the glass mixture that react differently at varying temperatures.

**Important Considerations Regarding Color and Opalescence:**

* **Consistency of Color:** The color should be consistent throughout the piece, although some variations may occur due to the handmade nature of the glass.
* **Clarity of Color:** Genuine Fenton colors are typically vibrant and clear, not muddy or dull.
* **Opalescent Quality:** The opalescence should be subtle and attractive, not overpowering or artificial-looking.
* **Color Combinations:** Fenton often used unique color combinations in its designs. Familiarize yourself with these combinations to aid in identification.

3. Patterns and Designs

* **Fenton’s Extensive Pattern Library:** Fenton created a vast array of patterns throughout its history, ranging from simple floral designs to intricate geometric motifs. Some of the most popular patterns include:
* **Hanging Basket:** A classic pattern featuring hanging baskets filled with flowers.
* **Hobnail:** A textured pattern with raised bumps or “hobs” covering the surface of the glass.
* **Silver Crest:** A pattern featuring a clear, crimped crest of glass around the rim.
* **Coin Dot:** A pattern with raised dots resembling coins embedded in the glass.
* **Waterlily and Cattails:** A scenic pattern depicting waterlilies and cattails.
* **Persian Medallion:** A pattern with a central medallion surrounded by intricate designs.
* **Hand-Painted Decorations:** Many Fenton pieces were hand-painted with floral motifs, landscapes, or other decorative elements. The quality of the hand-painting is usually high, reflecting the skill of Fenton’s artists.
* **Crimp and Ruffle Edges:** Fenton often used crimped or ruffled edges on its vases, bowls, and other pieces. These edges are typically delicate and well-formed.

**Important Considerations Regarding Patterns and Designs:**

* **Accuracy of the Pattern:** The pattern should be accurately rendered and consistent with known examples. Any deviations or irregularities could indicate a reproduction.
* **Detail of the Design:** Genuine Fenton patterns are typically well-defined and detailed. The details should be crisp and clear, not blurry or indistinct.
* **Hand-Painted Quality:** The hand-painting should be of high quality, with smooth brushstrokes and accurate colors. Look for signs of artistry and attention to detail.
* **Crimp and Ruffle Quality:** The crimped or ruffled edges should be well-formed and symmetrical. The crimps or ruffles should be evenly spaced and consistent in size.

4. Shape and Form

* **Distinctive Shapes:** Fenton produced glassware in a wide variety of shapes, including vases, bowls, compotes, baskets, candlesticks, and more. Some shapes are more common than others, and certain shapes are associated with specific patterns or colors.
* **Hand-Blown Characteristics:** Fenton glass was primarily hand-blown, which means that each piece is unique and may exhibit slight variations in shape, size, or thickness. These variations are part of the charm of hand-blown glass and can help distinguish it from machine-made reproductions.
* **Pontil Mark:** A pontil mark is a rough or unfinished area on the base of a piece of hand-blown glass where it was attached to the pontil rod during the manufacturing process. While not all Fenton glass has a visible pontil mark, its presence is a strong indicator of hand-blown craftsmanship. However, some factories ground down the pontil mark, so the absense of a rough pontil scar does not exclude it from being Fenton.

**Important Considerations Regarding Shape and Form:**

* **Symmetry and Balance:** The shape of the piece should be symmetrical and well-balanced. Any significant asymmetry or imbalance could indicate a flaw or a reproduction.
* **Proportions:** The proportions of the piece should be pleasing to the eye. The height, width, and depth should be in harmony with each other.
* **Thickness of the Glass:** The thickness of the glass should be consistent throughout the piece. Variations in thickness can occur, but they should not be excessive.
* **Presence of a Pontil Mark:** Look for a pontil mark on the base of the piece. If present, examine its characteristics (roughness, size, shape) to determine if it is consistent with hand-blown glass.

5. Weight and Feel

* **Substantial Weight:** Fenton glass typically has a substantial weight due to its density. A piece that feels too light or flimsy may be a reproduction.
* **Smooth Texture:** The surface of Fenton glass should be smooth and free of imperfections. Any roughness or irregularities could indicate a flaw or a reproduction.
* **Sound:** When gently tapped, Fenton glass should produce a clear, resonant sound. A dull or muffled sound could indicate a crack or flaw.

**Important Considerations Regarding Weight and Feel:**

* **Compare to Known Examples:** If possible, compare the weight and feel of your piece to known examples of Fenton glass. This can help you develop a sense for the typical weight and texture of genuine pieces.
* **Trust Your Instincts:** If something feels “off” about the weight or texture of the glass, trust your instincts. It’s always better to err on the side of caution when identifying collectibles.

6. Black Light (UV Light) Test

* **Uranium Content:** Some Fenton glass contains uranium, which fluoresces under ultraviolet (UV) light, emitting a green or yellow glow. Vaseline glass is a prime example of this.
* **Not a Definitive Test:** While a positive reaction to UV light can be a helpful indicator, it is not a definitive test for Fenton glass. Other glass manufacturers also used uranium in their glass formulas.

**Important Considerations Regarding the Black Light Test:**

* **Use a Proper UV Light:** Use a dedicated UV light designed for testing glass. A standard black light bulb may not produce the desired effect.
* **Observe the Color of the Glow:** The color of the glow can vary depending on the concentration of uranium in the glass. A bright green or yellow glow is more indicative of uranium content.
* **Consider Other Factors:** Do not rely solely on the UV light test for identification. Consider all other identifying characteristics before making a determination.

Research and Resources

* **Fenton Catalogs:** Fenton published numerous catalogs throughout its history, showcasing its various patterns, colors, and shapes. These catalogs are invaluable resources for identifying Fenton glass.
* **Fenton Collector’s Guides:** Several books and online resources are dedicated to Fenton glass collecting. These guides provide detailed information on Fenton’s history, patterns, marks, and values.
* **Fenton Collector Clubs:** Joining a Fenton collector club can provide access to expert knowledge, networking opportunities, and valuable resources.
* **Online Auctions and Marketplaces:** Online auctions and marketplaces can be good sources for finding Fenton glass, but it’s essential to exercise caution and do your research before bidding or buying.

Examples of Fenton Glass and Their Identifying Features

* **Fenton Burmese Rose Bowl:** Look for the signature shading from yellow to pink, a smooth surface, and a possible Fenton mark.
* **Fenton Carnival Glass Bowl (Hanging Basket Pattern):** Identify the iridescent surface, the Hanging Basket pattern with baskets and flowers, and a possible Fenton mark.
* **Fenton Silver Crest Vase:** Check for the clear, crimped crest around the rim, the shape of the vase, and a possible Fenton mark.
* **Fenton Hobnail Milk Glass Basket:** Look for the raised hobnail texture, the opaque white color, the basket shape, and a possible Fenton mark.

Tips for Buying Fenton Glass

* **Buy from Reputable Dealers:** Purchase Fenton glass from reputable dealers or auction houses with a good track record.
* **Examine the Piece Carefully:** Before buying, examine the piece carefully for any damage, repairs, or flaws.
* **Ask Questions:** Don’t hesitate to ask the seller questions about the piece’s history, provenance, and condition.
* **Compare Prices:** Compare prices from different sources to get an idea of the fair market value.
* **Get a Second Opinion:** If you’re unsure about the authenticity of a piece, get a second opinion from a knowledgeable collector or appraiser.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

* **Relying Solely on the Mark:** Don’t rely solely on the presence of a mark to identify Fenton glass. Consider all other identifying characteristics.
* **Ignoring Condition:** Pay attention to the condition of the piece. Damaged or repaired pieces are worth less than those in good condition.
* **Overpaying:** Don’t overpay for a piece of Fenton glass. Do your research and know the fair market value.
* **Ignoring the Pattern:** Take note of the pattern of the glass and verify if Fenton produced that pattern. Many glass companies produced similar patterns.

Conclusion

Identifying authentic Fenton glass requires knowledge, patience, and attention to detail. By following the steps outlined in this guide and utilizing the resources available, you can confidently identify genuine Fenton pieces and appreciate the beauty and artistry of this iconic American glassware. Happy collecting!