How to Raise a Baby Squirrel: A Comprehensive Guide
Finding a baby squirrel alone can be a distressing experience. Your first instinct might be to help, and with the right knowledge and dedication, you can successfully raise a baby squirrel until it’s ready to return to the wild. This guide provides a detailed, step-by-step approach to caring for an orphaned squirrel, covering everything from initial assessment to eventual release.
**Disclaimer:** *Raising a wild animal is a significant commitment and may be subject to local regulations. Before taking any action, contact your local wildlife rehabilitation center or animal control for guidance. They may be able to take the squirrel or provide expert advice specific to your region. This guide is for informational purposes only and should not replace professional advice.*
**I. Initial Assessment and Immediate Care**
Before you start any care, it’s crucial to assess the squirrel’s condition. This will determine the urgency and type of care it needs.
* **Is the Squirrel Truly Orphaned?** Observe from a distance for a few hours. The mother squirrel may be foraging and will return if she feels safe. If the baby appears healthy and uninjured, give the mother a chance to reclaim it. If the baby is in immediate danger (e.g., in a road, exposed to predators), move it to a safer spot nearby, if possible, and continue observing. Place it in a box at the base of the tree from which it fell, if you know. If the mother doesn’t return by nightfall, it’s likely orphaned.
* **Signs of Injury or Illness:** Look for any obvious signs of injury, such as wounds, broken limbs, bleeding, or difficulty breathing. Signs of illness include lethargy, weakness, dehydration (indicated by wrinkled skin and sunken eyes), and the presence of parasites (fleas, ticks). A severely injured or ill squirrel needs immediate veterinary attention or care from a licensed wildlife rehabilitator.
* **Age Assessment:** Determining the squirrel’s age helps you tailor your care. Here’s a general guide:
* **Newborn (0-1 week):** Pink skin, eyes and ears closed, no fur, dependent on warmth, about 4-5 inches long.
* **Infant (1-3 weeks):** Some fur beginning to grow, eyes still closed, ears may be slightly open.
* **Young (3-5 weeks):** Eyes starting to open, more fur, can crawl but not walk well.
* **Older Young (5-7 weeks):** Fully furred, eyes fully open, can walk and climb awkwardly, teeth erupting.
* **Juvenile (7+ weeks):** Looks like a miniature adult squirrel, coordinated movements, can eat solid food.
* **Warming the Squirrel:** Baby squirrels cannot regulate their body temperature, so warmth is critical. Hypothermia can be fatal. Use the following methods:
* **Heating Pad:** Wrap a heating pad on a low setting in a towel and place it in a box. Ensure the squirrel has space to move away from the heat source if it gets too warm. Check the heating pad frequently, as they can malfunction. Do not put the squirrel directly on the heating pad.
* **Hot Water Bottle:** Wrap a hot water bottle in a towel and place it in the box.
* **Rice Sock:** Fill a sock with uncooked rice, tie it off, and microwave it for 1-2 minutes. Ensure it’s not too hot before placing it in the box. This will slowly release heat. Replace as needed.
* **Rehydration:** Dehydration is a common problem in orphaned squirrels. Before feeding, rehydrate with an electrolyte solution like Pedialyte (unflavored). Do not use sports drinks, as they contain too much sugar. Administer the electrolyte solution using a small syringe (without a needle) or an eyedropper. Give small amounts frequently (e.g., 0.5-1 ml every 2 hours) until the squirrel is hydrated. Signs of hydration include increased alertness and moist gums.
**II. Setting Up the Squirrel’s Environment**
Creating a safe and comfortable environment is essential for the squirrel’s well-being.
* **Housing:** Use a cardboard box or a plastic storage container with a lid. Line the bottom with soft bedding, such as fleece blankets or old t-shirts. Avoid using towels with loose loops, as the squirrel’s claws can get caught. Ensure the container is well-ventilated by creating several small holes in the lid.
* **Nest:** Provide a cozy nest area within the enclosure. This can be a small box, a fleece-lined sock, or a stuffed animal for the squirrel to snuggle with. This simulates the security of the mother’s nest.
* **Temperature Control:** Maintain a consistent temperature, especially for very young squirrels. Use a thermometer to monitor the temperature inside the enclosure. Newborns need a temperature of around 90-95°F (32-35°C). As the squirrel grows, gradually reduce the temperature to room temperature.
* **Hygiene:** Keep the enclosure clean. Remove soiled bedding daily and replace it with fresh bedding. Wipe down the inside of the container with a damp cloth. This helps prevent the spread of bacteria and parasites.
**III. Feeding the Baby Squirrel**
Feeding is a critical aspect of raising a baby squirrel. Use a proper formula and feeding technique.
* **Formula:** The best formula for baby squirrels is Fox Valley Animal Nutrition’s Day One Formula, specifically designed for squirrels. Esbilac puppy milk replacer can be used as a *temporary* alternative. *Never* use cow’s milk, as it can cause digestive problems.
* **Preparation:** Follow the instructions on the formula packaging for mixing. Warm the formula to body temperature (around 98-100°F or 37-38°C). Test the temperature by placing a drop on your wrist; it should feel lukewarm. Discard any leftover formula after each feeding.
* **Feeding Tools:** Use a small syringe (1 ml or 3 ml) without a needle or a specialized pet nurser bottle. Syringes are generally preferred, especially for very young squirrels, as you can control the flow of the formula better.
* **Feeding Technique:**
* **Positioning:** Hold the squirrel upright, as if it were nursing from its mother. Never feed a squirrel on its back, as this can cause aspiration (formula entering the lungs), which can be fatal.
* **Syringe Control:** Gently insert the tip of the syringe into the side of the squirrel’s mouth. Slowly push the plunger, allowing the squirrel to swallow at its own pace. Do not force-feed the squirrel.
* **Amount:** Feed the squirrel until it is full but not bloated. Signs of fullness include a rounded belly and a refusal to suckle.
* **Frequency:** Feeding frequency depends on the squirrel’s age:
* **Newborn (0-1 week):** Every 2-3 hours around the clock, including nighttime feedings.
* **Infant (1-3 weeks):** Every 3-4 hours during the day, with one or two nighttime feedings.
* **Young (3-5 weeks):** Every 4-5 hours during the day, no nighttime feedings.
* **Older Young (5-7 weeks):** Every 5-6 hours during the day. Start introducing solid foods.
* **Juvenile (7+ weeks):** Three to four times a day. Focus on solid foods.
* **Burping:** After each feeding, gently pat the squirrel’s back to help release any trapped air. This can prevent discomfort and bloating.
* **Stimulating Elimination:** Baby squirrels cannot eliminate on their own. After each feeding, gently stimulate the anal and genital area with a warm, damp cotton ball or soft cloth. This mimics the mother’s licking and encourages urination and defecation. You should see results within a minute or two. Continue until the squirrel is old enough to eliminate on its own (around 5-6 weeks). The urine should be yellow to clear, and the feces should be brown and well-formed. Note the color and consistency for signs of illness.
**IV. Transitioning to Solid Foods**
As the squirrel grows older, gradually introduce solid foods alongside the formula.
* **Timing:** Start introducing solid foods around 5-6 weeks of age, when the squirrel’s teeth begin to erupt.
* **Food Options:** Offer a variety of healthy foods, including:
* **Squirrel Blocks:** These are commercially available blocks designed to provide a balanced diet for squirrels.
* **Nuts:** Offer a variety of nuts, such as walnuts, pecans, almonds, and hazelnuts. Avoid peanuts, as they are not as nutritious. Offer nuts in the shell to encourage natural foraging behavior.
* **Seeds:** Sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, and other seeds can be offered in moderation.
* **Fruits:** Offer small amounts of fruits, such as apples, grapes, berries, and bananas. Avoid citrus fruits.
* **Vegetables:** Offer a variety of vegetables, such as broccoli, carrots, green beans, and corn. Avoid onions and garlic.
* **Water:** Always provide fresh water in a shallow dish or a water bottle with a sipper tube.
* **Presentation:** Offer solid foods in small pieces. You can also sprinkle them with a bit of formula to encourage the squirrel to try them. Observe the squirrel’s eating habits and adjust the diet accordingly. Make sure the food is fresh and safe. Remove any uneaten food after a few hours to prevent spoilage.
* **Weaning:** Gradually reduce the amount of formula as the squirrel eats more solid foods. By 8-10 weeks of age, the squirrel should be fully weaned and eating only solid foods.
**V. Socialization and Enrichment**
Socialization and enrichment are important for the squirrel’s development and preparation for life in the wild.
* **Handling:** Handle the squirrel gently and frequently, especially during the early stages of development. This helps the squirrel become accustomed to human interaction and reduces stress.
* **Playtime:** Provide opportunities for playtime outside the enclosure. Allow the squirrel to explore a safe and supervised area. This allows it to exercise its muscles, develop its coordination, and satisfy its curiosity. Always supervise the squirrel closely during playtime to prevent accidents.
* **Climbing Opportunities:** Provide climbing opportunities inside and outside the enclosure. This can be branches, ropes, or climbing toys. Climbing is a natural behavior for squirrels and helps them develop their strength and agility.
* **Foraging Opportunities:** Hide nuts and seeds around the enclosure or in a designated foraging area. This encourages the squirrel to use its natural foraging skills and provides mental stimulation.
* **Exposure to the Outdoors:** Gradually expose the squirrel to the outdoors. Start by placing the enclosure outside for short periods, allowing the squirrel to experience natural sounds and smells. As the squirrel gets older, you can allow it to explore a safe outdoor area under your supervision. This helps the squirrel acclimate to its natural environment and prepare for release.
**VI. Preparing for Release**
Releasing the squirrel back into the wild is the ultimate goal. It requires careful preparation and timing.
* **Acclimation to the Outdoors:** Before release, gradually increase the amount of time the squirrel spends outdoors. This allows it to acclimate to the weather and the environment.
* **Hardening Off:** Reduce your interaction with the squirrel and allow it to become more independent. This helps the squirrel develop its natural survival skills.
* **Soft Release:** Choose a safe and suitable release location. The location should be near a wooded area with a good food source and minimal human activity. Build a release cage or use the squirrel’s enclosure. Place the cage in the release location a few days before the release date, providing food and water inside. This allows the squirrel to become familiar with the area and establish a sense of security.
* **Release Day:** Open the door of the cage and allow the squirrel to leave on its own terms. Do not force the squirrel out. Continue to provide food and water near the release site for a few days after the release, in case the squirrel needs supplemental feeding.
* **Monitoring:** Observe the squirrel after release to ensure it is adapting well. Look for signs of illness or injury. If the squirrel appears to be struggling, you may need to recapture it and provide additional care before attempting another release.
**VII. Potential Problems and Solutions**
Raising a baby squirrel can present challenges. Here are some common problems and solutions:
* **Diarrhea:** Diarrhea can be caused by overfeeding, incorrect formula, or infection. Reduce the amount of formula, switch to a different formula, or consult a veterinarian.
* **Constipation:** Constipation can be caused by dehydration or lack of fiber. Increase the amount of water, add a small amount of prune juice to the formula, or offer high-fiber foods, such as fruits and vegetables.
* **Dehydration:** Dehydration can be caused by illness, diarrhea, or inadequate fluid intake. Rehydrate with an electrolyte solution and ensure the squirrel has access to fresh water.
* **Pneumonia:** Aspiration pneumonia can occur if formula enters the lungs. Hold the squirrel upright during feeding and avoid force-feeding.
* **Parasites:** Squirrels can be infested with fleas, ticks, or mites. Consult a veterinarian or wildlife rehabilitator for appropriate treatment.
* **Injuries:** Squirrels can injure themselves by falling or getting caught in objects. Provide a safe environment and supervise the squirrel closely.
**VIII. Legal Considerations**
It’s crucial to be aware of the legal aspects of raising a wild animal.
* **Permits:** In many areas, it is illegal to possess or rehabilitate wild animals without a permit. Contact your local wildlife agency to determine if a permit is required.
* **Release Regulations:** There may be regulations regarding the release of rehabilitated animals. Follow these regulations to ensure the squirrel is released in a suitable location and manner.
* **Zoonotic Diseases:** Be aware of the potential for zoonotic diseases (diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans). Wash your hands thoroughly after handling the squirrel and its enclosure. Consult a doctor if you develop any symptoms of illness.
**IX. Ethical Considerations**
Raising a wild animal is a serious responsibility with ethical implications.
* **Commitment:** Raising a baby squirrel requires a significant commitment of time, effort, and resources. Be prepared to provide the necessary care for several weeks or months.
* **Wildness:** Strive to maintain the squirrel’s wildness and avoid taming it. Excessive human interaction can make it difficult for the squirrel to survive in the wild.
* **Release:** The ultimate goal should be to release the squirrel back into its natural habitat. Avoid keeping the squirrel as a pet.
**X. Conclusion**
Raising a baby squirrel can be a rewarding experience, but it’s important to approach it with knowledge, dedication, and a commitment to the squirrel’s well-being. By following the steps outlined in this guide, you can increase the chances of successfully rehabilitating an orphaned squirrel and returning it to the wild. Remember to prioritize the squirrel’s needs and consult with professionals whenever necessary. Your efforts can make a significant difference in the life of a vulnerable creature.