How to Use a Submersible Pump: A Comprehensive Guide
Submersible pumps are incredibly versatile devices used in a wide array of applications, from dewatering construction sites to emptying flooded basements, irrigating gardens, and even handling sewage. Their design allows them to be fully submerged in the fluid they are pumping, making them efficient and relatively quiet. However, to maximize their lifespan and effectiveness, it’s crucial to understand how to use them correctly. This comprehensive guide will walk you through everything you need to know, from choosing the right pump to troubleshooting common problems.
## What is a Submersible Pump?
A submersible pump, also known as a sump pump, is a pump designed to be fully immersed in the liquid it is pumping. Unlike surface pumps, which rely on suction to draw fluid, submersible pumps push fluid to the surface, making them more efficient at lifting water from significant depths. They are electrically powered and housed in a watertight casing to prevent electrical shorts and corrosion.
## Common Applications of Submersible Pumps
Submersible pumps are used in a vast number of industries and for a multitude of purposes. Here are just a few examples:
* **Dewatering Construction Sites:** Removing water from excavation sites, trenches, and foundations.
* **Flood Control:** Draining flooded basements, yards, and other areas affected by heavy rainfall or natural disasters.
* **Well Water Pumping:** Extracting water from wells for drinking, irrigation, and other uses.
* **Sewage and Wastewater Management:** Handling raw sewage, effluent, and other wastewater in septic systems and treatment plants.
* **Irrigation:** Supplying water to fields, gardens, and other agricultural areas.
* **Aquariums and Ponds:** Circulating and filtering water in aquatic environments.
* **Mining Operations:** Removing water from mines.
* **Industrial Processes:** Handling various fluids in manufacturing and processing plants.
## Choosing the Right Submersible Pump
Selecting the appropriate submersible pump for your needs is paramount to ensure optimal performance and longevity. Here are some crucial factors to consider:
### 1. Application
Determine the primary purpose of the pump. Is it for clean water, dirty water, sewage, or something else? Different pumps are designed to handle different types of fluids and solids.
* **Clean Water Pumps:** Designed for pumping relatively clean water with minimal solids. These are suitable for draining pools, basements with clean water flooding, and irrigation.
* **Dirty Water Pumps:** Can handle water containing small solids like sand, silt, and leaves. Ideal for dewatering construction sites and draining ponds.
* **Sewage Pumps:** Specifically designed to handle raw sewage and wastewater containing larger solids. They often have a grinder or macerator to break down solids before pumping.
### 2. Flow Rate (GPM or LPM)
The flow rate refers to the volume of fluid the pump can move in a given period, typically measured in gallons per minute (GPM) or liters per minute (LPM). Calculate the required flow rate based on the volume of water you need to move and the time frame you have to move it.
* **Calculate the volume:** Estimate the total volume of water you need to pump out (e.g., in a flooded basement, measure the length, width, and depth of the water).
* **Determine the timeframe:** Decide how quickly you need to remove the water.
* **Calculate the required flow rate:** Divide the volume by the timeframe. Remember to convert units if necessary (e.g., cubic feet to gallons).
### 3. Head Height (Vertical Lift)
Head height refers to the maximum vertical distance the pump can lift the fluid. Consider the vertical distance from the pump’s location to the discharge point. Also, factor in any friction loss due to the hose or pipe length and diameter.
* **Measure the vertical distance:** Use a measuring tape to determine the vertical height from the pump to the outlet where the water will be discharged.
* **Consider friction loss:** Longer and narrower hoses/pipes create more friction, reducing the effective head height. Consult a pump performance chart or a professional for accurate calculations.
### 4. Horsepower (HP) or Wattage
The horsepower (HP) or wattage indicates the pump’s power. Higher horsepower pumps generally have higher flow rates and head heights. Choose a pump with sufficient power for your application.
* **Match the power to the task:** For light-duty applications like draining a small pool, a low-horsepower pump will suffice. For heavy-duty applications like dewatering a large construction site, you’ll need a higher-horsepower pump.
* **Check the voltage requirements:** Ensure the pump’s voltage matches your power supply.
### 5. Solid Handling Capability
If you’re pumping water containing solids, ensure the pump has the appropriate solid handling capability. This is typically specified by the maximum solid size the pump can handle.
* **Determine the solid size:** Estimate the size of the largest solids you expect to encounter in the water.
* **Check the pump’s specifications:** The pump’s documentation will state the maximum solid size it can handle. Choose a pump that can handle the largest solids you expect to find.
### 6. Pump Material
The pump’s material affects its durability and resistance to corrosion. Consider the type of fluid you’ll be pumping and choose a pump made of a compatible material.
* **Cast Iron:** Durable and suitable for general-purpose applications.
* **Stainless Steel:** Resistant to corrosion and ideal for pumping chemicals, saltwater, and other corrosive fluids.
* **Thermoplastic:** Lightweight and corrosion-resistant, suitable for clean water and some chemicals.
### 7. Float Switch (Automatic vs. Manual)
Some submersible pumps come with a float switch that automatically turns the pump on and off based on the water level. This is particularly useful for sump pumps and other applications where you want to maintain a specific water level.
* **Automatic:** The pump turns on when the water level rises to a certain point and turns off when the water level drops. This is convenient for unattended operation.
* **Manual:** The pump runs continuously when plugged in and needs to be manually turned on and off. This is useful when you want precise control over the pumping process.
### 8. Power Cord Length
Consider the distance between the pump’s location and the power outlet and choose a pump with a sufficiently long power cord. Avoid using extension cords if possible, as they can reduce the pump’s performance and pose a safety hazard. If an extension cord is absolutely necessary, use a heavy-duty, grounded extension cord that is rated for outdoor use.
### 9. Brand Reputation and Warranty
Choose a pump from a reputable brand with a good warranty. This will give you peace of mind knowing that the pump is reliable and that you’re protected if anything goes wrong.
## Preparing for Use: Safety First
Before you start using your submersible pump, it’s crucial to take necessary safety precautions. Water and electricity can be a dangerous combination, so it’s important to be extra careful.
1. **Read the Manual:** Thoroughly read and understand the manufacturer’s instructions and safety guidelines before operating the pump.
2. **Wear Protective Gear:** Wear rubber gloves and waterproof boots to protect yourself from electric shock and contaminated water.
3. **Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI):** Always plug the pump into a GFCI-protected outlet to prevent electric shock. If a GFCI outlet is not available, use a GFCI adapter.
4. **Inspect the Pump and Cord:** Before each use, inspect the pump, power cord, and hose for any damage. Do not use the pump if any damage is found.
5. **Keep Children and Pets Away:** Ensure children and pets are kept away from the pumping area to prevent accidents.
6. **Never Enter Standing Water:** If the area you’re pumping is flooded, never enter the water while the pump is running, as there may be hidden electrical hazards.
7. **Do Not Pump Flammable Liquids:** Submersible pumps are not designed for pumping flammable liquids such as gasoline or oil. Doing so could create an explosion or fire hazard.
8. **Proper Ventilation:** If using the pump in an enclosed space, ensure adequate ventilation to prevent the buildup of harmful fumes.
## Step-by-Step Instructions for Using a Submersible Pump
Now that you’ve chosen the right pump and taken the necessary safety precautions, let’s move on to the step-by-step instructions for using it.
### Step 1: Position the Pump
Place the pump in the area you want to dewater. Ensure the pump is placed on a stable surface and is fully submerged in the water. If the bottom is muddy or silty, place the pump on a brick, stone, or other solid object to prevent it from sucking up debris. This will prolong the life of the pump and prevent clogging.
* **Avoid suction of debris:** Place the pump on a raised surface to prevent it from sucking up dirt, gravel, and other debris.
* **Ensure full submersion:** The pump must be fully submerged in the water to operate properly.
* **Consider the pump’s inlet:** Be aware of the location of the pump’s inlet and ensure it’s not obstructed.
### Step 2: Attach the Discharge Hose
Connect the discharge hose to the pump’s outlet. Ensure the hose is securely attached to prevent leaks. Use a hose clamp if necessary.
* **Use the correct hose size:** Use a hose with the correct diameter for the pump’s outlet to ensure optimal flow.
* **Secure the hose:** Use a hose clamp to secure the hose to the pump’s outlet.
* **Avoid kinks and bends:** Ensure the hose is not kinked or bent, as this can restrict the flow of water.
### Step 3: Position the Discharge End of the Hose
Place the discharge end of the hose in a location where the water can be safely discharged. Ensure the water is discharged away from buildings, foundations, and other sensitive areas.
* **Consider the drainage path:** Ensure the water is discharged to a location where it can drain away without causing damage or flooding.
* **Avoid discharging near sensitive areas:** Do not discharge water near buildings, foundations, or other sensitive areas.
* **Consider environmental regulations:** Be aware of any local environmental regulations regarding water discharge.
### Step 4: Plug in the Pump
Plug the pump into a GFCI-protected outlet. Ensure the power cord is not frayed or damaged. If using an extension cord, use a heavy-duty, grounded extension cord that is rated for outdoor use.
* **Use a GFCI outlet:** Always plug the pump into a GFCI-protected outlet to prevent electric shock.
* **Inspect the power cord:** Check the power cord for any damage before plugging it in.
* **Use a heavy-duty extension cord:** If using an extension cord, use a heavy-duty, grounded extension cord that is rated for outdoor use.
### Step 5: Monitor the Pumping Process
Monitor the pumping process to ensure the pump is working properly. Check for leaks, unusual noises, or other problems. If you notice any problems, immediately turn off the pump and investigate.
* **Listen for unusual noises:** Pay attention to the pump’s sound. Unusual noises can indicate a problem.
* **Check for leaks:** Inspect the hose and pump for leaks.
* **Monitor the water level:** Observe the water level to ensure the pump is effectively removing water.
### Step 6: Turn Off and Disconnect the Pump
Once the water has been removed, turn off the pump and disconnect it from the power outlet. Allow the pump to cool down before handling it.
* **Turn off the pump before disconnecting:** Always turn off the pump before disconnecting it from the power outlet.
* **Allow the pump to cool down:** Let the pump cool down before handling it, as it may be hot to the touch.
* **Disconnect the hose:** Disconnect the hose from the pump and drain any remaining water.
### Step 7: Clean and Store the Pump
Clean the pump and hose with clean water to remove any dirt or debris. Store the pump in a dry, safe place.
* **Rinse the pump and hose:** Rinse the pump and hose with clean water to remove any dirt or debris.
* **Dry the pump and hose:** Allow the pump and hose to dry completely before storing them.
* **Store in a dry, safe place:** Store the pump in a dry, safe place away from extreme temperatures and direct sunlight.
## Troubleshooting Common Problems
Even with proper care, submersible pumps can sometimes experience problems. Here are some common issues and how to troubleshoot them:
* **Pump Not Turning On:**
* **Check the power supply:** Ensure the pump is plugged into a working outlet and that the circuit breaker has not tripped.
* **Check the float switch:** If the pump has a float switch, make sure it is not stuck or obstructed.
* **Check the motor:** The motor may be burned out or damaged. If this is the case, you may need to replace the pump.
* **Pump Running But Not Pumping Water:**
* **Check the hose:** Ensure the hose is not kinked or blocked.
* **Check the pump inlet:** The pump inlet may be clogged with debris. Clean the inlet to remove any obstructions.
* **Check the impeller:** The impeller may be damaged or worn. If this is the case, you may need to replace the impeller or the entire pump.
* **Air Lock:** The pump may be air-locked. Try tilting the pump to release any trapped air.
* **Pump Overheating:**
* **Check the water level:** Ensure the pump is fully submerged in water. Running the pump without sufficient water can cause it to overheat.
* **Check for obstructions:** Obstructions in the pump or hose can cause the pump to work harder and overheat.
* **Check the motor:** The motor may be overloaded or damaged. If this is the case, you may need to replace the pump.
* **Pump Making Unusual Noises:**
* **Check for debris:** Debris inside the pump can cause unusual noises. Clean the pump to remove any debris.
* **Check the impeller:** A damaged impeller can cause unusual noises. Replace the impeller if necessary.
* **Check the bearings:** Worn bearings can cause unusual noises. Replace the bearings or the entire pump.
* **Pump Keeps Cycling On and Off:**
* **Float Switch Issues:** If equipped with a float switch, adjust the tether length to alter the on/off cycle points. The switch may also be malfunctioning.
* **Check Valve Failure:** A check valve installed in the discharge line can prevent backflow. A failing check valve can cause the pump to cycle on and off. Replace the check valve.
* **Small Leaks:** Small leaks in the discharge line can cause a drop in pressure, triggering the pump to turn on unnecessarily. Inspect the connections and pipe for leaks.
## Maintenance Tips for Submersible Pumps
Regular maintenance can significantly extend the lifespan of your submersible pump. Here are some essential maintenance tips:
* **Regular Inspection:** Inspect the pump, hose, and power cord regularly for any signs of damage.
* **Cleaning:** Clean the pump regularly to remove any dirt, debris, or sediment.
* **Check Valve Maintenance:** If your system includes a check valve, inspect and clean it regularly to ensure proper function.
* **Impeller Check:** Periodically check the impeller for wear or damage and replace it if necessary.
* **Proper Storage:** Store the pump in a dry, safe place when not in use.
* **Lubrication (if applicable):** Some pumps have components that require lubrication. Refer to the manufacturer’s instructions for lubrication guidelines.
* **Professional Servicing:** Consider having your pump professionally serviced every few years to ensure it is in optimal condition.
## Conclusion
Submersible pumps are invaluable tools for a wide range of applications. By understanding how to choose the right pump, operate it safely, and maintain it properly, you can ensure its longevity and effectiveness. Always prioritize safety when working with electricity and water, and don’t hesitate to consult a professional if you have any questions or concerns. With proper care and attention, your submersible pump will provide years of reliable service.