Keeping a Pet Squirrel: A Comprehensive Guide to Squirrel Care

So, you’re thinking about keeping a pet squirrel? These bushy-tailed critters can be captivating companions, full of energy and personality. However, it’s crucial to understand that owning a squirrel is a significant commitment and may even be illegal in your area. Squirrels have specialized needs that differ dramatically from common pets like cats or dogs. This comprehensive guide will walk you through the key aspects of squirrel care, covering everything from legality to housing, diet, health, and enrichment.

**I. Legality and Ethical Considerations**

Before even considering getting a squirrel, you **MUST** research the laws in your state, county, and city. Many jurisdictions have strict regulations against owning wild animals, including squirrels. Some may require permits, while others may outright prohibit it. Ignoring these laws can result in hefty fines, confiscation of your squirrel, and even legal repercussions.

* **Check State and Local Laws:** Contact your state’s Department of Natural Resources (or equivalent agency) and your local animal control or wildlife services to inquire about specific regulations regarding squirrel ownership. Search online for ‘[Your State/County/City] Exotic Pet Laws’ or ‘[Your State/County/City] Squirrel Ownership Laws.’
* **Consider Ethical Implications:** Squirrels are wild animals, and removing them from their natural environment can have negative consequences. Ask yourself if you can truly provide a life that meets the squirrel’s physical and psychological needs. Rescuing an injured or orphaned squirrel with the intention of rehabilitation and release back into the wild is a more ethical approach than acquiring a healthy squirrel to keep as a pet.
* **Alternatives to Ownership:** If owning a squirrel is illegal or ethically problematic, consider supporting local wildlife rehabilitation centers or enjoying squirrels in their natural habitat through bird feeding and nature watching.

**II. Finding a Squirrel**

If you’ve confirmed that owning a squirrel is legal and you are committed to providing proper care, here are some potential avenues:

* **Wildlife Rehabilitation Centers:** This is the *most* ethical and often the *only* legal way to acquire a squirrel. Occasionally, rehabilitation centers will have orphaned squirrels that cannot be released back into the wild due to injury or habituation to humans. These squirrels may be available for adoption to experienced caregivers. Be prepared for a rigorous screening process.
* **Licensed Breeders (Rare):** In some areas, licensed breeders may specialize in raising certain squirrel species for the pet trade. However, these are rare, and it’s crucial to verify that the breeder is reputable and practices ethical breeding methods. Avoid purchasing squirrels from unverified sources, as they may be illegally obtained or poorly cared for.
* **Rescuing an Orphaned Squirrel (Use Extreme Caution):** If you find a baby squirrel, leave it alone initially. The mother may be nearby and will return. If the squirrel is clearly injured, abandoned (no mother in sight for an extended period), or in immediate danger, contact a licensed wildlife rehabilitator immediately. *Only* attempt to care for the squirrel yourself if you cannot reach a rehabilitator and have exhausted all other options. Raising a baby squirrel is incredibly demanding and requires specialized knowledge and equipment.

**III. Setting Up a Suitable Habitat**

Squirrels are active animals that require a large and stimulating environment. A small cage will not suffice.

* **Cage Size:** The minimum cage size for a single squirrel is 4 feet wide, 4 feet deep, and 6 feet tall. Larger is always better. Outdoor aviaries are ideal, especially in climates where squirrels can safely spend time outdoors year-round.
* **Cage Material:** Powder-coated wire or stainless steel cages are the most durable and easy to clean. Avoid cages with sharp edges or gaps where the squirrel could get its limbs stuck.
* **Location:** Place the cage in a quiet area away from direct sunlight, drafts, and extreme temperatures. Squirrels are sensitive to noise and stress.
* **Substrate:** Use paper-based bedding, shredded paper, or aspen shavings as substrate. Avoid cedar shavings, as they can be toxic to squirrels.
* **Enrichment:** This is crucial for a squirrel’s mental and physical well-being. Provide a variety of the following:
* **Branches:** Provide natural branches of varying sizes and textures for climbing and gnawing. Ensure the wood is safe for squirrels (e.g., apple, maple, oak). Avoid treated wood.
* **Nesting Boxes:** Squirrels need a safe and secure place to sleep and hide. Provide several nesting boxes of different sizes and materials (e.g., wood, fabric).
* **Climbing Structures:** Ladders, ropes, and climbing walls will encourage exercise and exploration.
* **Chew Toys:** Squirrels have a natural urge to chew. Provide a variety of safe chew toys, such as wooden blocks, antlers, and hard nuts in their shells.
* **Foraging Toys:** Hide food in puzzle toys or foraging wheels to stimulate the squirrel’s natural foraging instincts.
* **Running Wheel:** A large, solid-surface running wheel (similar to those used for chinchillas) can provide an outlet for energy.
* **Digging Box:** Fill a container with soil or sand for the squirrel to dig and bury food.
* **Cleaning:** Clean the cage regularly to prevent the buildup of bacteria and odors. Spot-clean daily, and do a thorough cleaning weekly. Replace bedding as needed.

**IV. Feeding Your Squirrel**

Squirrels have specific dietary needs that must be met to maintain their health. A balanced diet should consist of a variety of foods, including:

* **Commercial Squirrel Food:** This should form the basis of the diet. Choose a high-quality commercial squirrel food formulated for pet squirrels. Look for a food that is low in sugar and high in protein and fiber. Henry’s Healthy Blocks are a commonly recommended option. Ensure fresh food is available daily.
* **Nuts:** Offer nuts in moderation as treats. Good choices include walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts, and pecans. Avoid peanuts, as they are not very nutritious and can be high in aflatoxins. *Never* feed salted nuts.
* **Seeds:** Provide a variety of seeds, such as sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, and flax seeds. Offer in moderation due to their high fat content.
* **Fruits:** Offer a variety of fresh fruits, such as apples, bananas, berries, grapes, and melons. Remove any seeds or pits, as they can be toxic.
* **Vegetables:** Offer a variety of fresh vegetables, such as broccoli, carrots, corn, kale, peas, and sweet potatoes.
* **Water:** Provide fresh, clean water at all times in a sipper bottle or heavy ceramic bowl.
* **Calcium:** Squirrels require adequate calcium for bone health. Supplement their diet with calcium-rich foods or a calcium supplement recommended by a veterinarian.
* **Foods to Avoid:** Chocolate, caffeine, processed foods, sugary snacks, and foods high in fat and salt are harmful to squirrels.

**V. Health and Veterinary Care**

Squirrels are susceptible to various health problems, including parasites, respiratory infections, and dental issues. Regular veterinary care is essential to maintaining their health.

* **Find an Experienced Veterinarian:** Not all veterinarians are experienced in treating squirrels. Search for a veterinarian who specializes in exotic animals or wildlife.
* **Annual Checkups:** Schedule annual checkups to monitor your squirrel’s health and address any potential problems early on.
* **Parasite Prevention:** Squirrels can be susceptible to fleas, ticks, mites, and worms. Your veterinarian can recommend appropriate parasite prevention medications.
* **Common Health Problems:**
* **Metabolic Bone Disease (MBD):** This is a common problem in squirrels fed an improper diet lacking in calcium and vitamin D. Symptoms include weakness, bone deformities, and seizures.
* **Dental Problems:** Overgrown teeth, abscesses, and other dental issues are common in squirrels. Provide plenty of chew toys to help wear down their teeth.
* **Respiratory Infections:** Squirrels can be susceptible to respiratory infections, such as pneumonia. Symptoms include sneezing, coughing, and nasal discharge.
* **Parasites:** External and internal parasites can cause a variety of health problems. Your veterinarian can diagnose and treat parasite infestations.
* **Signs of Illness:** Be aware of the signs of illness in squirrels, such as lethargy, loss of appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, and abnormal behavior. If you notice any of these signs, consult your veterinarian immediately.

**VI. Handling and Bonding**

Building a bond with your squirrel requires patience, consistency, and positive reinforcement. Squirrels are not naturally cuddly animals, and some may never become fully tame.

* **Start Slowly:** Allow your squirrel to adjust to its new environment before attempting to handle it. Spend time near the cage, talking to the squirrel in a calm and gentle voice.
* **Offer Treats:** Offer treats from your hand to encourage the squirrel to approach you. Start by placing the treats near the cage door and gradually move them closer to your hand.
* **Gentle Handling:** Once the squirrel is comfortable taking treats from your hand, you can try gently touching it. Start with a light stroke on the back and gradually increase the amount of handling over time. Never grab or restrain a squirrel, as this can cause fear and aggression.
* **Positive Reinforcement:** Reward desired behaviors with treats and praise. Avoid punishment, as it can damage your relationship with the squirrel.
* **Supervise Interactions:** Always supervise interactions between squirrels and children or other pets. Squirrels can bite or scratch if they feel threatened.
* **Respect Boundaries:** Some squirrels may never enjoy being handled. Respect their boundaries and avoid forcing interactions.

**VII. Enrichment and Playtime**

Squirrels are intelligent and active animals that require plenty of mental and physical stimulation. Provide a variety of enrichment activities to keep them happy and healthy.

* **Foraging Games:** Hide food in puzzle toys or foraging wheels to encourage the squirrel to use its natural foraging skills.
* **Climbing Activities:** Provide branches, ladders, and climbing walls to encourage exercise and exploration.
* **Chew Toys:** Offer a variety of safe chew toys to satisfy the squirrel’s natural urge to chew.
* **Outdoor Time (Supervised):** If possible, allow your squirrel to spend time outdoors in a safe and enclosed area, such as an outdoor aviary. Supervise the squirrel closely to prevent escape or injury.
* **Training:** You can train your squirrel to perform simple tricks using positive reinforcement. This can provide mental stimulation and strengthen your bond.
* **Rotation of Toys:** Rotate the squirrel’s toys regularly to keep them interested and engaged.

**VIII. Common Squirrel Behaviors**

Understanding common squirrel behaviors can help you better care for your pet.

* **Burying Nuts:** Squirrels have a natural instinct to bury nuts and seeds for later consumption. They may do this even in captivity.
* **Chewing:** Chewing is essential for maintaining healthy teeth. Provide plenty of chew toys to satisfy this urge.
* **Scanning:** Upright posture while observing the surroundings.
* **Territoriality:** Squirrels can be territorial, especially during breeding season. They may defend their territory against other squirrels or even humans.
* **Nesting:** Squirrels build nests for sleeping, hiding, and raising young.
* **Vocalization:** Squirrels use a variety of vocalizations to communicate with each other.

**IX. Potential Challenges of Squirrel Ownership**

While squirrels can be rewarding pets, it’s important to be aware of the potential challenges.

* **Destructive Behavior:** Squirrels can be destructive, especially if they are bored or lack enrichment. They may chew on furniture, wires, and other household items.
* **Messy Habits:** Squirrels can be messy eaters and tend to scatter food around their cage.
* **Aggression:** Some squirrels can become aggressive, especially during breeding season. They may bite or scratch if they feel threatened.
* **Veterinary Care:** Finding a veterinarian experienced in treating squirrels can be challenging.
* **Time Commitment:** Squirrels require a significant time commitment for feeding, cleaning, and enrichment.
* **Lifespan:** Squirrels can live for 10-12 years in captivity, so be prepared for a long-term commitment.

**X. Releasing a Squirrel Back into the Wild (If Applicable)**

If you have raised an orphaned squirrel with the intention of releasing it back into the wild, it’s crucial to do so properly to maximize its chances of survival. Note that *releasing a captive-bred squirrel into the wild is often illegal and generally not recommended, as it may not have the necessary survival skills.* This section applies primarily to orphaned squirrels that were temporarily raised for rehabilitation.

* **Soft Release:** A soft release involves gradually acclimating the squirrel to its natural environment before releasing it completely. This can be done by placing the squirrel’s cage in a safe outdoor area and allowing it to come and go as it pleases.
* **Suitable Habitat:** Choose a release site that provides adequate food, water, and shelter. Avoid releasing squirrels in areas with high traffic or predators.
* **Timing:** The best time to release a squirrel is in the spring or fall, when food is plentiful and the weather is mild. Avoid releasing squirrels in the winter or during extreme heat.
* **Supplemental Feeding:** Provide supplemental food and water for the first few weeks after release to help the squirrel adjust to its new environment.
* **Monitoring:** Monitor the squirrel’s progress after release to ensure it is adapting successfully.

**XI. Conclusion**

Keeping a pet squirrel is a challenging but potentially rewarding experience. However, it’s essential to carefully consider the legal, ethical, and practical aspects of squirrel ownership before bringing one into your home. By providing a suitable habitat, a balanced diet, regular veterinary care, and plenty of enrichment, you can help your squirrel live a happy and healthy life. Remember to research and adhere to all applicable laws and regulations regarding squirrel ownership in your area.

*Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute veterinary or legal advice. Consult with a qualified veterinarian or legal professional for specific guidance regarding squirrel care and ownership in your area.*