The Definitive Guide to Tuning Your Dulcimer: A Step-by-Step Tutorial

The dulcimer, with its sweet and resonant tones, is a captivating instrument cherished by folk musicians and enthusiasts alike. But like any stringed instrument, it requires regular tuning to maintain its beautiful sound. Whether you’re a beginner just starting your dulcimer journey or an experienced player seeking a refresher, this comprehensive guide will walk you through the essential steps of tuning your dulcimer accurately and efficiently.

Understanding the Dulcimer’s Tuning System

Before we dive into the practical aspects of tuning, it’s crucial to understand the standard tuning for a mountain dulcimer. The most common tuning is D-A-dd. This means that the three (or four) courses of strings are tuned to the following notes, from the lowest to the highest in pitch:

• The Bass String (or Course): The single string closest to you when playing is tuned to the note D (a D3 an octave below middle C)
• The Middle String (or Course): This string, or pair of strings, is tuned to the note A (an A3 slightly below middle C).
• The Treble Strings (or Course): This is either a single string, or a double set of strings which are tuned to the same note D (a D4 at middle C).

It’s important to note that some dulcimers might have four strings (rather than three) in which case the middle course will have two strings both tuned to the same A note, for example the D-AA-dd tuning. When using pairs of strings, they should be tuned in unison. For clarity, we will assume the most common D-A-dd tuning for the remainder of this article. However, all concepts will apply to D-AA-dd tuning, simply ensuring the pairs of strings are at the same pitch.

Why is this D-A-dd tuning so prevalent? It creates what’s known as a “drone” sound, common in folk music. When you play a melody on the treble strings, the bass string and the middle string (A) create a consistent background drone that gives the dulcimer its characteristic sound. This drone is not something to fret about, but a sound that is fundamental to a dulcimer and the styles of music associated with it.

Tools You’ll Need

Before you begin, gather these essential tools:

• A Tuner: A reliable tuner is crucial for accurate tuning. You can use:
• Electronic Tuner: These are readily available and very precise. You can get a clip-on tuner, a handheld tuner, or a tuner app on your smartphone or tablet. Many apps are available for both iOS and Android for free or very low cost.
• Tuning Fork or Pitch Pipe: A tuning fork for the A (440 Hz) or a pitch pipe can give you a base tone to tune to. However, it will not indicate how in tune a string is compared to that note.
• Your Dulcimer: Obviously, you’ll need your instrument ready to be tuned!
• A Comfortable and Well-Lit Space: You’ll want to be in a quiet and well lit environment so you can easily hear the subtle differences in pitch and see the tuner and dulcimer clearly.

Step-by-Step Dulcimer Tuning Guide

Now that you have your tools and understand the tuning system, let’s get to the tuning process itself. Here’s a detailed, step-by-step guide to tuning your dulcimer in the standard D-A-dd tuning:

1. Prepare Your Dulcimer

   Start by making sure your dulcimer is in a stable position. Lay it flat on a table or hold it securely in your lap. Check that all the tuning pegs are moving smoothly without any obvious obstructions.

2. Start with the Bass String (D)

   Begin by tuning the bass string, the single string closest to you when playing. Pluck the string and watch your tuner. You’re aiming for a low D note (D3, an octave below middle C). If the tuner indicates the note is lower than D, slowly turn the tuning peg to tighten the string. Turn the peg very slowly, and check the tuner each time. If the tuner indicates the note is higher than D, loosen the string. Adjust the string until your tuner indicates the string is in tune at the correct D note. Important Make these changes gradually, making sure the string is not at risk of breaking. Strings can take some time to settle, it may take a few attempts to get it to hold tune.

3. Tune the Middle String (A)

   Now, it’s time to tune the middle string (or both middle strings if you have four strings). Pluck the middle string and monitor your tuner. You should be aiming for an A note (A3, slightly below middle C). Similar to the bass string, tighten or loosen the string until your tuner indicates the string is in tune at the correct A note. If you have two middle strings, tune each string to the same A note and ensure they are at the same pitch. There should not be a noticeable wavering or phasing of the sound if they are properly tuned.

4. Tune the Treble Strings (dd)

   The final step is to tune the treble strings. Pluck one of the treble strings and observe your tuner. You’re aiming for a D note (D4, at middle C). Again, adjust the string until it matches the correct D note. If there are two strings here tune the second string to match this pitch, ensuring they play the same note without any wavering or phasing. This D note should be one octave higher than the D note on the bass string.

5. Double-Check Your Tuning

   After tuning each string individually, it’s important to double-check your entire tuning again. The process of tuning one string can affect the pitch of others slightly. Go back and pluck each string again, making slight adjustments where needed. This will ensure the overall tuning is accurate.

6. Play a Few Chords

   After you’ve tuned all of your strings, it’s a great idea to play a few chords. Listen carefully for any dissonances or notes that sound ‘out’. If you notice any, go back and retune those strings. Playing a familiar tune on the dulcimer can help reveal subtle issues with the tuning.

7. Consider the Environment

   Temperature and humidity can affect the tuning of your dulcimer. If you’re in a different environment than where you normally tune, be sure to check your tuning again. Especially new strings or a change in humidity or temperature can cause stringed instruments to go out of tune. Over time the strings will adapt and this will happen less frequently. Be sure to get into a habit of tuning your dulcimer before each time you want to play it.

Tips for Accurate Tuning

Here are some additional tips to help you become a better dulcimer tuner:

• Tune Slowly: Don’t rush the process. Small, gradual adjustments are always better than large, sudden ones.
• Use a Good Tuner: A quality tuner will give you a more accurate reading. The accuracy of a tuner can vary, make sure you have one that you trust, and know well.
• Listen Carefully: Develop your ear by listening to the tones. As you gain experience, you’ll become better at recognizing when the dulcimer is out of tune even without a tuner. Try to pay attention to the sound produced as you make adjustments to the tuning pegs.
• Patience is Key: Tuning can take time, especially when you’re starting. Don’t get frustrated; consistency will lead to improvements in your tuning skills.
• New Strings: New strings will take time to stretch and settle. Therefore, do not be concerned when new strings drop in tune quickly. Simply retune them as necessary.
• Practice Regularly: The more you tune, the better you’ll get. Regular practice is essential to developing your ear for pitch.
• Keep Your Dulcimer in Good Condition: Well-maintained dulcimers tune more easily and stay in tune longer. Be sure to look after your dulcimer by keeping it in its case, at a stable temperature and not in extreme environments.

Alternative Dulcimer Tunings

While D-A-dd is the most common tuning, dulcimers can be tuned to other notes to achieve different sounds and accommodate different musical styles. Some popular alternative tunings include:

• D-A-AA: The bass string remains at D, the middle string (or strings) are tuned to A, and the treble string (or strings) are tuned to A.
• D-G-dd: This lower tuning, is used in particular to play old style modal tunes
• A-D-dd: This lower tuning provides a wider tonal range and a darker timbre
• C-G-cc: This lower tuning also provides a wider tonal range and a deeper sound.

When experimenting with alternate tunings, ensure that the dulcimer is able to withstand changes to string tension and is able to be played properly without causing damage to the instrument or strings. If you have any doubts it is advisable to talk to a luthier who will be able to provide advice on the most suitable tunings for your instrument.

Troubleshooting Common Tuning Issues

If you’re struggling with your tuning, here are some common issues and solutions:

• Strings Slip Out of Tune Quickly: This is common with new strings or when humidity changes rapidly. Keep retuning them until they settle. Also ensure the pegs are gripping the string securely.
• Strings Won’t Hold a Note: Check to make sure the string is not damaged or broken. In some cases, a very stretched string can be replaced. Also make sure the tuning pegs are not worn or damaged.
• Tuning Pegs are Slipping: This often happens with older dulcimers, or if the tuning pegs are worn. You may need to have them replaced or use a peg compound to provide more grip on the tuning peg.
• Inaccurate Tuner: Sometimes, a tuner may not be calibrated properly. Double-check your tuner against a known source, like a tuning fork or another well tuned instrument. Using a known source of pitch will be especially useful when developing an ear for pitch.

Conclusion

Tuning your dulcimer may seem daunting at first, but with patience and practice, you’ll become proficient at it. Remember, accurate tuning is essential for getting the best sound from your instrument and will provide the foundation for enjoyable playing. By following the steps outlined in this guide, using the right tools, and consistently practicing, you’ll master the art of tuning your dulcimer in no time.

Happy strumming!