Unearthing History: A Comprehensive Guide to Gravestone Rubbing

Gravestone rubbing is a fascinating and time-honored method of preserving the inscriptions and artwork found on historical gravestones. It allows you to create a tangible record of the past, connecting you directly to the lives and stories etched in stone. However, it’s crucial to approach this activity with respect and caution, ensuring you don’t damage the gravestones in the process. This guide will provide you with a detailed, step-by-step process for making gravestone rubbings safely and effectively.

Respect and Responsibility: The Foundation of Gravestone Rubbing

Before we delve into the technical aspects of gravestone rubbing, it’s paramount to understand the ethical considerations involved. Cemeteries are sacred spaces, often holding the remains of loved ones. Always treat these sites with the utmost respect.

* **Permission:** Obtaining permission from the cemetery owner or caretaker is crucial. Some cemeteries prohibit rubbing altogether, while others have specific guidelines you must follow. Contact them in advance to avoid any misunderstandings or potential legal issues.
* **Gravestone Condition:** Never attempt to rub a gravestone that is fragile, crumbling, or severely weathered. Rubbing can further damage these stones. Look for stones that are in relatively good condition with clear, legible inscriptions.
* **Cleanliness:** Do not attempt to clean the gravestone. Cleaning can damage the stone’s surface, especially if you use harsh chemicals. A soft brush can be used gently to remove loose debris, but avoid scrubbing.
* **Photography:** Consider taking photographs of the gravestone before and after rubbing. This provides a visual record and can be helpful for future research.
* **Leave No Trace:** Pack out everything you bring with you, including scraps of paper, tape, and any other materials. Leave the cemetery as you found it.

Gathering Your Supplies: Essential Tools for Success

Having the right tools is essential for creating a successful gravestone rubbing. Here’s a comprehensive list of what you’ll need:

* **Paper:** Choose a suitable paper for rubbing. Specialty rubbing paper is available, but heavy-duty vellum or parchment paper also works well. Avoid thin or flimsy paper, as it can tear easily. The size of your paper will depend on the size of the gravestone inscription you want to capture. Consider bringing a variety of sizes.
* **Rubbing Wax/Crayon:** Use a specially formulated rubbing wax or crayon. These are designed to transfer the inscription onto the paper without damaging the stone. Avoid using oil pastels, charcoal, or other materials that could stain the gravestone. Good quality rubbing wax comes in various sizes and hardnesses. Experiment to find your preference.
* **Soft Brushes:** A soft-bristled brush is useful for gently removing loose dirt and debris from the gravestone. A small paintbrush can also be helpful for cleaning around intricate details.
* **Masking Tape or Artist’s Tape:** This is essential for securing the paper to the gravestone. Use tape that is designed to be easily removable and won’t leave a residue. Avoid using duct tape or other strong adhesives.
* **Scissors or Utility Knife:** For trimming the paper to size.
* **Soft Cloth:** For gently wiping the gravestone and your hands.
* **Kneeling Pad or Small Stool:** This will make the process more comfortable, especially if you’re working on a low-lying gravestone.
* **Camera:** To document the gravestone before and after the rubbing.
* **Pencils and Notebook:** For sketching and taking notes about the gravestone and its surroundings. Record any information about the deceased that you can find.
* **Hand Sanitizer:** To keep your hands clean.
* **First-Aid Kit:** For minor cuts and scrapes.
* **Water and Snacks:** Especially if you’re spending a significant amount of time in the cemetery.
* **Measuring Tape:** To accurately record the dimensions of the gravestone and the inscription.
* **Mirror:** A small mirror can be helpful for illuminating hard-to-see details on the gravestone.

The Gravestone Rubbing Process: A Step-by-Step Guide

Now that you have your supplies and understand the ethical considerations, let’s walk through the process of making a gravestone rubbing.

**Step 1: Inspect the Gravestone**

Carefully examine the gravestone for any signs of damage or instability. Look for cracks, crumbling, or loose pieces. If the stone is fragile, do not attempt to rub it. Assess the legibility of the inscription. Is it clear enough to capture a decent rubbing?

**Step 2: Gently Clean the Gravestone**

Using a soft brush, gently remove any loose dirt, leaves, or debris from the surface of the gravestone. Be careful not to scrub or apply too much pressure. The goal is to remove only loose material, not to clean the stone thoroughly. Avoid using water or any cleaning solutions, as these can damage the stone.

**Step 3: Prepare Your Paper**

Cut a piece of paper that is slightly larger than the area you want to rub. This will give you some extra space to work with and prevent the edges of the rubbing from being cut off. Place the paper over the inscription and center it carefully.

**Step 4: Secure the Paper**

Use masking tape or artist’s tape to secure the paper to the gravestone. Make sure the tape is applied smoothly and evenly to prevent the paper from shifting during the rubbing process. Use enough tape to hold the paper firmly in place, but avoid using too much, as this can make it difficult to remove the paper later.

**Step 5: Begin Rubbing**

Starting at one corner of the paper, begin rubbing the wax or crayon over the surface of the paper. Use a firm, even pressure and work in a consistent direction. Avoid using a back-and-forth motion, as this can cause the paper to tear. As you rub, the inscription will begin to appear on the paper. Pay close attention to the details and try to capture as much of the inscription as possible.

**Step 6: Adjust Your Technique**

As you rub, you may need to adjust your technique to capture different details of the inscription. For example, you may need to use a lighter pressure for delicate lines or a heavier pressure for deeper carvings. You may also need to experiment with different angles to get the best results. If you’re using rubbing wax, you can adjust the angle of the wax to emphasize certain details.

**Step 7: Check Your Progress**

Periodically check your progress to make sure you’re capturing the inscription accurately. Lift a corner of the paper to see how the rubbing is developing. If you’re not happy with the results, you can adjust your technique or try again with a fresh piece of paper. Don’t be afraid to experiment until you get the results you’re looking for.

**Step 8: Finish the Rubbing**

Once you’ve captured the entire inscription, carefully remove the tape and lift the paper from the gravestone. Examine your rubbing to make sure you’ve captured all the details. If there are any areas that you missed, you can try rubbing them again. If you’re satisfied with the results, you can trim the edges of the paper to create a finished piece.

**Step 9: Document Your Work**

Take photographs of the gravestone and your rubbing. Record any information you have about the deceased, such as their name, date of birth, and date of death. This information will help you to preserve the memory of the individual and their story.

**Step 10: Respectfully Clean Up**

Carefully remove all tape and paper scraps from the area around the gravestone. Ensure you leave the site exactly as you found it, or cleaner. Dispose of your waste properly, adhering to cemetery regulations.

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Even with careful preparation, you might encounter challenges during the rubbing process. Here are some solutions to common problems:

* **Paper Tearing:** Use heavier paper or reduce the pressure you’re applying.
* **Uneven Rubbing:** Ensure even pressure and consistent strokes. Check for unevenness in the gravestone itself.
* **Faded Inscription:** Try using a different colored wax or crayon that provides better contrast. A raking light (sunlight from a low angle) can help to highlight the inscription.
* **Paper Slipping:** Use more tape to secure the paper firmly.
* **Wax Build-up:** Occasionally, wax can accumulate on the paper. Gently wipe it away with a clean cloth.

Advanced Techniques and Considerations

Once you’ve mastered the basic techniques, you can explore more advanced methods:

* **Multiple Rubbings:** Create multiple rubbings using different colored waxes for artistic effect.
* **Combining Rubbings with Photography:** Use your rubbing as a base layer and add photographic elements for a mixed-media approach.
* **Digital Enhancement:** Scan your rubbing and use image editing software to enhance details or correct imperfections.
* **Working with Complex Designs:** For stones with intricate designs, consider using smaller pieces of paper to capture individual elements, then assembling them later.
* **Considering Weather Conditions:** Avoid rubbing on rainy or extremely hot days. Moisture can damage the paper and make the wax difficult to apply. Extreme heat can make the wax too soft.

Preserving Your Rubbing

Once you’ve created your gravestone rubbing, it’s important to preserve it properly to ensure it lasts for years to come. Here are some tips for preserving your rubbing:

* **Store it Flat:** Store your rubbing flat in a protective sleeve or folder. This will prevent it from being creased or damaged.
* **Avoid Direct Sunlight:** Direct sunlight can fade the colors in your rubbing. Store it in a cool, dark place.
* **Frame it:** Framing your rubbing can help to protect it from damage and make it easier to display.
* **Digitize it:** Scan your rubbing and save it as a digital file. This will ensure that you have a copy of it even if the original is damaged or lost.
* **Acid-Free Materials:** When storing or framing your rubbing, use acid-free materials to prevent discoloration and deterioration over time.

Ethical Considerations Revisited: A Reminder

It’s worth reiterating the importance of ethical behavior when gravestone rubbing. These historical markers are more than just stones; they are testaments to lives lived and memories cherished. Always prioritize respect, preservation, and permission.

* **Avoid Commercialization:** Resist the urge to profit from your rubbings, especially without permission. The primary goal should be preservation and education, not financial gain.
* **Educate Others:** Share your knowledge and passion for gravestone rubbing responsibly, emphasizing ethical practices and the importance of preserving historical sites.
* **Support Preservation Efforts:** Consider donating to organizations dedicated to cemetery preservation and restoration.

Gravestone Rubbing: A Journey into the Past

Gravestone rubbing is more than just a craft; it’s a journey into the past. It allows you to connect with the lives and stories of those who came before us. By following these guidelines and practicing ethical behavior, you can create beautiful and meaningful rubbings while helping to preserve our history for future generations. It’s a rewarding hobby that combines history, art, and a deep appreciation for the past. So gather your supplies, seek permission, and embark on your own unearthing history adventure.