DIY Survival: Building Effective Traps for Food and Safety

In a survival situation, knowing how to build traps can be the difference between life and death. Traps provide a passive way to acquire food and can also be used for defense. This guide will walk you through several effective trap designs, covering everything from small game snares to larger animal traps, along with crucial considerations for ethical and safe trapping. Remember that trapping laws vary greatly by location. Always check and adhere to local regulations before setting any traps. In many areas, trapping without a license or during closed seasons is illegal and can result in significant fines or other penalties.

I. Essential Considerations Before You Begin

Before diving into trap construction, it’s crucial to understand some fundamental principles:

1. Legality: Research local trapping laws. Many areas require licenses and regulate the species you can trap, the types of traps you can use, and the placement of traps. Ignorance of the law is no excuse. Check with your local wildlife agency or department of natural resources.
2. Ethics: Aim for humane trapping. This means constructing traps that kill quickly or hold animals securely with minimal suffering. Check traps regularly (at least once per day, preferably twice) to dispatch trapped animals promptly. Avoid using traps that cause prolonged suffering or unnecessary harm.
3. Safety: Be mindful of your own safety and the safety of others. Clearly mark trap locations to prevent accidental encounters by humans or domestic animals. Avoid setting traps in areas frequented by people or pets. Learn how to safely disarm or release traps if necessary.
4. Location, Location, Location: The success of your traps hinges on placement. Observe animal trails, feeding areas, and watering holes. Look for signs of animal activity, such as tracks, droppings, and disturbed vegetation. Place traps where animals are likely to travel or forage. Consider factors like wind direction (to carry your scent away from the trap) and natural camouflage to conceal the trap.
5. Camouflage: Animals are wary of anything new or out of place. Use natural materials from the surrounding environment to camouflage your traps. Cover traps with leaves, twigs, and soil to blend them seamlessly into the landscape. Avoid using materials with strong odors, such as your own scent or human-made chemicals.
6. Bait (Optional): Bait can increase the effectiveness of certain traps, but it’s not always necessary. Consider the target animal’s diet and preferences. Common baits include nuts, seeds, berries, fruit, meat scraps, and fish. Use bait sparingly to avoid attracting unintended species.
7. Trap Size and Strength: Select trap materials and designs appropriate for the size and strength of your target animal. Small, weak snares won’t hold a large animal, while overly powerful traps can be dangerous and unnecessary for small game.

II. Small Game Snares: The Basic Survival Trap

Snares are among the simplest and most versatile traps. They are primarily used to catch small game like rabbits, squirrels, and birds. A snare works by tightening a loop around an animal’s neck or leg when it passes through the trap. Here’s how to make a basic snare:

Materials:

• Cordage: 3-4 feet of strong, flexible cordage. This could be paracord (inner strands separated for finer snares), snare wire (available at trapping supply stores), fishing line (for very small birds), or even plant fibers twisted together (in a true survival situation). The cordage must be strong enough to hold the target animal.
• Support Stick: A small, sturdy stick about 6-8 inches long. This will serve as an anchor for the snare.
• Trigger Stick (Optional): A very small, thin stick about 2-3 inches long. This can be used in more advanced snare setups to create a more sensitive trigger.
• Knife or Cutting Tool: For cutting cordage and preparing sticks.

Construction Steps:

1. Prepare the Cordage: Cut your cordage to the desired length (about 3-4 feet).
2. Create the Noose: Form a loop at one end of the cordage. Pass the free end of the cordage through the loop to create a slip noose. The noose should be large enough to easily encircle the target animal’s head or leg (typically 4-6 inches in diameter for rabbits).
3. Attach to Support Stick: Tie the other end of the cordage securely to the support stick. Use a strong knot like a clove hitch or a figure-eight knot.
4. Set the Snare: Find a location where the target animal is likely to travel, such as a game trail or near a burrow entrance. Drive the support stick firmly into the ground. The noose should be positioned so that it hangs about 2-3 inches above the ground. The animal should be able to pass through the noose easily.
5. Conceal the Snare: Camouflage the snare by covering the cordage and support stick with natural materials like leaves, twigs, and soil. Be careful not to obstruct the noose itself.

Variations and Enhancements:

• The Spring Snare (More Advanced): This snare uses a bent sapling or branch as a spring to quickly tighten the noose. To build a spring snare, bend a small, flexible sapling over and secure it to the ground with a trigger mechanism connected to the snare. When the animal triggers the mechanism, the sapling springs up, tightening the noose. This type of snare is more effective and humane because it catches the animal more quickly.
• The T-Snare (Tripwire Snare): This snare involves creating a small ‘T’ shaped structure out of sticks. The snare loop is attached to the top of the T, and the base of the T acts as a trigger. When the animal walks into the loop, it pulls the T over, tightening the snare.
• Using Bait (Cautiously): While not always necessary, bait can attract animals to the snare. Place a small amount of bait, such as a piece of fruit or a handful of seeds, near the snare to entice the animal to investigate. Be aware that bait can also attract unintended species.

III. Figure-Four Trap: A Classic Trigger Trap

The figure-four trap is a versatile and relatively simple trigger trap that can be used to catch a variety of animals, from rodents to larger game, depending on its size and strength. It relies on a delicate balance of three sticks to create a trigger mechanism that collapses when disturbed, dropping a weight onto the animal.

Materials:

• Three Sticks: Three sturdy sticks of varying lengths. One stick (the upright) should be about 6-8 inches long. The second stick (the diagonal) should be about 8-10 inches long. The third stick (the horizontal trigger) should be about 4-6 inches long. The exact lengths will depend on the desired size of the trap.
• Weight: A heavy object, such as a rock, log, or even a bundle of smaller rocks tied together. The weight should be heavy enough to effectively trap or kill the target animal.
• Knife or Cutting Tool: For shaping the sticks.

Construction Steps:

1. Prepare the Sticks: Shape the ends of the sticks to create notches or points that will interlock with each other. The upright stick needs a notch or flat surface at the top. The diagonal stick needs a notch at one end to engage with the upright stick, and a point or angled cut at the other end to rest on the horizontal trigger stick. The horizontal stick needs a notch in the middle to support the diagonal stick.
2. Assemble the Figure Four: This is the trickiest part. Start by holding the upright stick vertically. Place the notched end of the diagonal stick against the top of the upright stick. The other end of the diagonal stick should rest on the notch in the middle of the horizontal trigger stick. The horizontal trigger stick should be positioned horizontally on the ground. The entire structure should be balanced delicately. Practice this without the weight first to get a feel for how the pieces fit together.
3. Position the Weight: Carefully position the weight above the figure-four structure, so that when the structure collapses, the weight will fall directly onto the area where the animal will be trapped.
4. Set the Trap: Carefully set the figure-four structure, ensuring that it is balanced delicately. The slightest disturbance should cause the structure to collapse and drop the weight.
5. Conceal the Trap (Optional): Camouflage the base of the trap by covering the horizontal trigger stick with a thin layer of soil or leaves. This will encourage the animal to step on the trigger. Be careful not to obstruct the trigger mechanism itself.

Variations and Enhancements:

• Baiting the Trap: Place bait under the weight to lure animals into the trap. Suitable baits include nuts, seeds, fruit, or meat scraps, depending on the target animal.
• Adjusting the Sensitivity: The sensitivity of the trap can be adjusted by changing the angle and placement of the sticks. A steeper angle on the diagonal stick will make the trap more sensitive.
• Increasing the Weight: For larger animals, use a heavier weight. A large log or a stack of rocks can be used. Ensure the support structure is strong enough to hold the increased weight.

IV. Paiute Deadfall Trap: A Powerful Stone Trap

The Paiute deadfall is a powerful trap that uses a heavy flat rock or slab to crush its prey. It’s a relatively simple design, but requires careful construction to ensure it’s effective and safe. This trap is generally more effective for larger rodents and similar sized game.

Materials:

• Flat Rock or Slab: A large, flat rock or slab of stone, heavy enough to kill the target animal instantly. Choose a rock that is stable and won’t easily roll or shift.
• Three Sticks: Three sturdy sticks to support the rock. One stick (the upright) should be about 4-6 inches long. The second stick (the diagonal) should be about 6-8 inches long. The third stick (the trigger) should be about 4-6 inches long.
• Knife or Cutting Tool: For shaping the sticks.

Construction Steps:

1. Prepare the Sticks: Similar to the figure-four trap, shape the ends of the sticks to create interlocking notches or points. The upright stick supports the rock directly. The diagonal stick supports the upright stick. The trigger stick holds the diagonal stick in place.
2. Position the Rock: Choose a level area and carefully position the flat rock so that it is resting on one edge. Prop up the rock using the upright stick.
3. Assemble the Support Structure: Place the diagonal stick so that one end supports the upright stick, and the other end rests on the trigger stick. The trigger stick should be positioned horizontally on the ground, supporting the diagonal stick.
4. Set the Trap: Carefully set the trap, ensuring that the sticks are balanced and the rock is securely propped up. The slightest disturbance of the trigger stick should cause the entire structure to collapse and drop the rock.
5. Bait the Trap: Place bait under the rock to lure animals into the trap. Nuts, seeds, fruit, or meat scraps can be used.

Variations and Enhancements:

• Adding a Backstop: Place a log or pile of rocks behind the flat rock to prevent the animal from escaping from the back.
• Camouflaging the Trap: Cover the edges of the rock with leaves and soil to make it less conspicuous.
• Adjusting the Trigger Sensitivity: The sensitivity of the trap can be adjusted by changing the angle and placement of the sticks.

V. Pitfall Trap: A Simple Hole Trap

The pitfall trap is one of the simplest traps to construct, relying on a concealed hole to capture unsuspecting animals. It’s most effective for small animals that travel along the ground, such as rodents, insects, and reptiles.

Materials:

• Digging Tool: A shovel, trowel, or even a sturdy stick can be used to dig the hole.
• Container (Optional): A bucket, pot, or even a large plastic bottle with the top cut off can be placed in the hole to make it deeper and prevent the animal from escaping.
• Covering Material: Leaves, twigs, grass, and other natural materials to conceal the opening of the pit.
• Bait (Optional): Bait can be used to lure animals to the trap.

Construction Steps:

1. Dig the Pit: Choose a location where animals are likely to travel. Dig a hole large enough to trap the target animal. The deeper the hole, the less likely the animal is to escape.
2. Line the Pit (Optional): If using a container, place it inside the hole. Make sure the rim of the container is flush with the ground.
3. Conceal the Opening: Cover the opening of the pit with a thin layer of leaves, twigs, and grass. The covering should be strong enough to support the weight of the camouflage, but weak enough to break when the animal steps on it. You can create a lattice of thin twigs and then cover that with leaves and dirt.
4. Bait the Trap (Optional): Place bait in the center of the covered pit to lure animals to the trap.

Variations and Enhancements:

• Water Pit: Fill the pit with water to drown the trapped animal. This can be more effective for some species, but it is also less humane.
• Funnel Entrance: Create a funnel-shaped entrance to the pit using rocks or logs to guide animals towards the center.
• Multiple Pits: Dig several pits in a line to increase the chances of catching an animal.

VI. Bird Traps: Catching Avian Prey

Trapping birds can provide a valuable source of protein in a survival situation. Bird traps generally require a more delicate approach than mammal traps, as birds are often more wary and agile.

A. The Simple Snare for Birds

Similar to small game snares, smaller versions can be used to catch birds. These are often placed along branches or near known feeding areas.

Materials:

• Thin, strong cordage (fishing line or thin strands of paracord)
• Small twigs

Construction:

1. Create small nooses (1-2 inches in diameter) from the cordage.
2. Attach the nooses to branches or twigs in areas where birds perch or land.
3. Conceal the snares as much as possible.

B. The Prop Trap for Birds

This trap involves propping up a box or basket with a stick that is connected to a trigger mechanism. When the bird enters the box to reach the bait, it disturbs the trigger, causing the box to fall and trap the bird.

Materials:

• A small box or basket
• A stick to prop up the box
• Cordage
• Bait (seeds, berries)

Construction:

1. Prop up the box or basket with the stick.
2. Attach a cord from the stick to a small trigger mechanism inside the box. This mechanism can be as simple as another small stick balanced delicately.
3. Place bait inside the box, near the trigger.
4. When the bird enters the box and pecks at the bait, it will disturb the trigger, causing the stick to fall and the box to trap the bird.

C. The Bird Funnel Trap

This trap uses a funnel-shaped entrance to guide birds into a confined space from which they cannot easily escape.

Materials:

• Flexible branches or twigs
• Cordage
• Bait

Construction:

1. Create a cone or funnel shape using the branches or twigs. The entrance of the funnel should be wide, gradually narrowing to a small opening leading into a larger enclosed area.
2. Secure the structure with cordage.
3. Place bait inside the enclosed area.
4. Position the trap in an area where birds are likely to feed.

VII. Ethical Considerations and Best Practices

Trapping for survival demands a responsible approach. Prioritize humane methods, regular checks, and adherence to local laws. Here’s a summary of best practices:

• Check Traps Regularly: Check traps at least once a day, preferably twice (morning and evening). This minimizes the suffering of trapped animals and reduces the risk of spoilage.
• Dispatch Trapped Animals Humanely: Learn how to dispatch trapped animals quickly and humanely. A sharp blow to the head or a quick shot with a firearm are generally considered humane methods. Avoid causing unnecessary suffering.
• Release Non-Target Animals: If you catch a non-target animal, release it unharmed if possible. If the animal is injured, provide first aid if you can, or consider dispatching it humanely to end its suffering.
• Avoid Trapping During Breeding Season: Trapping during breeding season can orphan young animals, leading to their starvation. Avoid trapping during these periods whenever possible.
• Respect Private Property: Never set traps on private property without the owner’s permission.
• Mark Your Traps Clearly: Mark your traps clearly with your name and contact information (if required by local regulations) to prevent them from being disturbed by others.
• Learn from Experienced Trappers: Seek out experienced trappers and learn from their knowledge and expertise. They can provide valuable insights into trap construction, placement, and ethical trapping practices.

VIII. Legal Disclaimer

This guide is for informational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional training or advice. Trapping laws and regulations vary greatly by location. It is your responsibility to research and comply with all applicable laws before setting any traps. The author and publisher of this guide are not responsible for any injuries, damages, or legal consequences resulting from the use of the information provided in this guide.

IX. Conclusion

Building traps is a valuable survival skill that can provide food and security in emergency situations. By understanding the principles of trap construction, considering ethical factors, and adhering to local laws, you can increase your chances of survival while minimizing harm to the environment and its inhabitants. Practice these techniques in a safe and responsible manner, and always prioritize humane trapping practices.